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Epstein-Barr virus was positive in 41 out of the 56 (73.2%) patients, while human papillomavirus was positive in 3 (5.4%), and 1 patient (1.8%) had co-infection. Thirty seven (90.2%) of the 41 patients positive for Epstein-Barr virus were Type-2 according to WHO, while 4 (9.8%) were Type-1. All three patients (100%) with Human Papillomavirus positivity were Type-2 according to WHO. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the close association between nasopharyngeal cancer and Epstein-Barr virus whereas such an association is not shown for Human Papillomavirus.INTRODUCTION The aetiology, management and prognosis of idiopathic Sdden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL) are still uncertain despite adequate investigation. OBJECTIVE We conducted the present study to investigate the possible relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the prognosis of ISSNHL based on PSM. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study. Data and statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program (SPSS 19.0). PSM was performed using STATA (15.0). RESULTS NLR = 3.42 was the cut-off value. After PSM, 84 pairs of patients were successfully matched. The number of patients in the effective group with the NLR  less then  3.42 and NLR  less then  3.42 were significantly different (P  less then  0.001). CONCLUSION The NLR is an inexpensive and reliable index to predict the ISSNHL. We hold the view that the NLR can be a reliable factor for clinical doctors to predict the prognosis in ISSNHL. To further prove that the NLR is a powerful prognostic factor in ISSNHL, larger prospective studies are required in the future.PURPOSE Limited approach septoplasty (LAS) follows the principle of respecting nasal structures and aims to minimize complications while ensuring proper nasal respiratory function. LAS is only applicable to selected cases of septal deviation. The present study aimed to (1) compare short- and mid-term complications in two consecutive series of patients with the same type of septal deviation treated with LAS or classical septoplasty; and (2) examine postoperative respiratory function with active anterior rhinomanometry in the two series, and in a group of healthy, non-surgical volunteers. METHODS The study concerned two groups of 20 consecutive patients who underwent LAS or classical septoplasty for deviation in Cottle's areas 4/5, and a control group of 11 healthy adult volunteers with no sinonasal disorders. RESULTS The mean operating time did not differ significantly between the two groups. Three patients in each group developed minor complications. In a sitting position, the mean total nasal inspiratory resistance was 0.018 and 0.019 Pa ml/s (p = 0.46) in the LAS and classical septoplasty groups, respectively, and the total expiratory resistance was 0.019 and 0.018 Pa ml/s (p = 0.30). In a supine position, the mean total nasal inspiratory resistance was 0.017 and 0.021 Pa ml/s (p = 0.05), and the total expiratory resistance was 0.017 and 0.019 Pa ml/s (p = 0.14) in the LAS and classical septoplasty groups, respectively. CONCLUSION In selected cases, LAS achieved much the same short- and mid-term results as classical septoplasty. The mini-invasive approach is certainly more respectful of the nasal mucosa, requiring a less extensive detachment, with consequent faster healing times and less tissue damage.PURPOSE The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes between gas insufflation and gasless techniques used in transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy. METHODS Data of patients who underwent transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy from June 2011 to August 2019 were reviewed. All surgeries were performed by one experienced surgeon. The patients were divided into two groups according to surgical technique as gas insufflation or gasless technique. The clinical outcomes such as complications, postoperative pain score assessed using VAS, length of hospital stay, and presence of iatrogenic ectopic thyroid tissue were compared between the two groups. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 60 patients underwent transaxillary endoscopic thyroid lobectomy 38 patients via gas insufflation and 22 using the gasless technique. The basic characteristic features of the patients and their diseases were not significantly different between the two groups. Gas insufflation yielded significantly better surgical outcomes than the gasless technique shorter operative time (209.3 ± 63.1 min. vs. 267.6 ± 66.0 min.; P = 0.001), less estimated blood loss [10.0 (5.0, 20.0) mL vs. 30.0 (16.2, 50.0) mL; P  less then  0.001], less drainage content [10.0 (0.0, 70.0) mL vs. 81.5 (74.2, 104.5) mL; P  less then  0.001], and shorter hospital stay [1.5 (1.1, 2.0) days vs. 1.8 (1.5, 2.5) days; P = 0.032]. Regarding postoperative pain, there was no statistically significant difference in visual analog scales (VAS) at 24 and 48 h. Finally, no evidence of iatrogenic ectopic thyroid tissue was found in both groups. CONCLUSION Compared to the gasless technique, the gas insufflation technique provided shorter operative time, less estimated blood loss, less drainage content, and shorter hospital stay. Moreover, there were comparable outcomes regarding postoperative pain, complications and iatrogenic ectopic thyroid tissue.PURPOSE During oncology clinical trials, tumour size (TS) measurements are commonly used to monitor disease progression and to assess drug efficacy. We explored inter-operator variability within a subset of a phase III clinical trial conducted from August 1995 to February 1997 and its impact on drug effect evaluation using a tumour growth inhibition model. METHODS One hundred twenty lesions were measured twice at each time point; once at the hospital and once at the centralised centre. Methotrexate price A visual analysis was performed to identify trends within the profiles over time. Linear regression and relative error ratios were used to explore the inter-operator variability of raw TS measurements and model-based estimates. RESULTS While correlation between patient-level estimates of drug effect was poor (r2 = 0.28), variability between the study-level estimates was much less affected (9%). CONCLUSIONS The global evaluation of drug effect using modelling approaches might not be affected by inter-operator variability. However, the exploration of covariates for drug effect and the characterisation of an exposure-tumour shrinkage relationship seems limited by the high measurement variability that translates to a poor correlation of individual drug effect estimates.
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