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MRI signs of intrauterine baby collapse.
This study is a follow-up to our previous work (Wilkinson & Yang, 2016a), with an intention to examine the long-term maintenance of inhibition practice benefits and the associated near-near transfer effects over a 3.5-year period in older adults. Thirty-six participants from the original multiple task inhibition practice study (Wilkinson & Yang, 2016a), 18 from the practice and 18 from the control group, returned to complete a single follow-up session on the practice and the near-near transfer tasks. The results revealed that after a 3.5-year delay, older adults were able to retain practice benefits in both deletion (i.e., 2-Back) and restraint (i.e., Go-No Go) tasks. Furthermore, 44-65% of the original near-near transfer benefits were retained across all three inhibitory subfunctions at the follow-up session over baseline performance. The findings further extend the literature on the durability of practice and transfer effects of inhibition in older adults. Specifically, the current study demonstrates the long-term practice maintenance in some inhibitory subfunctions (e.g., deletion and restraint tasks) and highlights the retention of near-near transfer gains following a 3.5-year delay in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In most attentional-control tasks, incongruent trials (i.e., trials with a conflict between two responses) are intermixed with congruent trials (i.e., trials without conflict). Typically, performance is slower and more error-prone on incongruent trials than on congruent trials. This congruency effect has been found to be smaller after incongruent trials than after congruent trials. This finding-labeled the congruency sequence effect (CSE)-has been assumed to reflect a dynamic adjustment of attentional control, which enables participants to enhance goal-relevant features and to inhibit irrelevant features. Only a few studies have investigated the impact of aging on the CSE, and their results are mixed. Compared to young adults, older adults were found to show a similar CSE, no CSE, a larger CSE, or a smaller CSE. This discrepancy in results has been interpreted as the consequence of using different tasks. To test for this, we conducted new analyses on 9 tasks-the color Stroop, number Stroop, arrow flanker, letter flanker, Simon, global-local, positive compatibility, and negative compatibility task-from our previous study (Rey-Mermet, Gade, & Oberauer, 2018). GS-9674 Both a null-hypothesis significance testing approach and a Bayesian hypothesis testing approach showed a similar CSE in both age groups for most tasks. Only in the Stroop tasks, the CSE was larger for older adults. These results are incompatible with the hypothesis of a general age-related deficit in attentional control. At the same time, they question the construct validity of the CSE. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Inhibitory control is proposed to involve 2 dissociable processes that feature distinct types of inhibition a threshold adjustment process involving the global inhibition of motor output and a controlled selection process involving competitive inhibition among coactive responses. Recent research with children and young adults indicates that the functioning of these processes can be targeted by measuring participants' hand movements as they perform inhibitory control tasks by reaching to touch response options on a digital display. The current study explores (a) whether this method can be used to target the functioning of the threshold adjustment process and controlled selection process in adults 65 to 75 years of age and, if so, (b) whether the functioning of each process changes between early and late adulthood. Results from the Eriksen flanker task indicate that reach tracking can be used to target the functioning of each process in late adulthood, with older adults and young adults generating similar patterns of initiation time and curvature effects. The congruency effect observed in response times was significantly larger in older adults than in young adults, indicating that inhibitory control declines in late adulthood. Importantly, this effect was specific to initiation times, suggesting that the threshold adjustment process functions differently in early adulthood than in late adulthood. These results present a new perspective on how age-related differences in inhibitory control are conceptualized and assessed, and raise important questions concerning how the threshold adjustment and controlled selection processes function across a wider range of tasks in late adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Inhibitory control is thought to be critical for appropriate response selection in an ever-changing environment and to decline with age. However, experimental paradigms (e.g., go/no-go) confound stimulus frequency with demands to respond or inhibit responding. The present study eliminated that confound by using a modified go/no-go task controlling for stimulus frequency differences (using frequent-go, infrequent-go, and infrequent no-go types of stimuli) in healthy older and young adults. Event-related potential (ERP) components related to detection of response conflict (N2) and response evaluation (P3) were also examined. Behaviorally, older and young adults were sensitive to stimulus frequencies indicated by significant slowing for the infrequent-go compared with the frequent-go stimuli observed in both groups. Furthermore, older adults were characterized by reduced commission errors and overall slowing, suggesting that they could take advantage of their slower performance. Increase of N2 amplitude was evident for correctly inhibited no-go stimuli in both groups. In contrast, no-go stimulus-related increase in P3 amplitude could be observed only in the young. Stimulus frequency-related ERP amplitude differences were not significant either in the young or in the older adults. These results suggest preserved behavioral control over inappropriate responses in older adults and indicate that efficient response inhibition is related to compensatory mechanisms. The age-related decrease in the P3 amplitude suggests that the evaluation of response inhibition (a) could be independent of the detection of response conflict and (b) supports the notion of strategic differences in performance with age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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