Notes

Skeletally Tunable Seven-Membered-Ring Merged Pyrroles.
This study aimed to validate the questionnaire on the health belief model questionnaire to assess health beliefs that could influence adherence to hypertension in the elderly.

The questionnaire was based on a study of the literature and discussion with experts. The questionnaire was then circulated via social media. Participants who met the following criteria were asked to participate in the study (1) aged 60-79 years of age, (2) had antihypertensive medications in the last three months, and (3) had a mobile phone with an active number. selleck inhibitor The questionnaire consists of six domains perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self efficacy. The findings were grouped by domain and tested for reliability and validity using SPSS ver.24.

Thirty participants completed the questionnaire. Each domain was tested for its reliability and validity at a value of 0.05. The result shows that each domain had a Cronbach's alpha value greater than 0.7, with a total score of 0.89 indicating that all domains in the questionnaire were reliable. Furthermore, of the 49 items in the questionnaire, only two items were invalid while the rest of the items demonstrated their validity based on the Pearson Correlation (>r table 0.361; p<0.05).

This self administered health belief model questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument to assess health beliefs in elderly with hypertension.
This self administered health belief model questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument to assess health beliefs in elderly with hypertension.
is one of the pathogenic bacteria that caused a nosocomial infection. Levofloxacin is one of the fluoroquinolones group antibiotics which is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that works effectively against
. The mutation can happen in the bacteria which caused a resistant effect in the use of antibacterial. This study aimed at identifying mutation in gene
among
that were resistant to levofloxacin.

The susceptibility of

was determined by disk diffusion. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify the mutation in
.

A total of 10 isolates showed result resistance to levofloxacin and gyrA gene mutation in the amino acid changes. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a point mutation in QRDR (quinolone resistance determining region) of gyrA Ser83→Leu, Asp87→Asn. The silent mutation was also found at codon Val85, Arg91, Ser111, Thr123.

Mutation in the
gene affect the occurrence of bacterial resistance of
to levofloxacin.
Mutation in the gyrA gene affect the occurrence of bacterial resistance of E. coli to levofloxacin.
Heart disease is a clinical condition characterized by specific signs such as joint inflammation, weakness, and shortness of breath. Left ventricular remodeling can be experienced by patients with heart failure wherein a change in myocyte and nonmyocyte components occurs. One of the biomarkers in heart disease with myocardial fibrosis is matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Common therapy that is often given to patients with heart failure is ACE inhibitors. This main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of ACE inhibitor therapy on the degrees of MMP-9 as a biomarker among patients with heart disease.

This research applied one group pretest-posttest design to analyze the variation in the levels of MMP-9 as a biomarker for heart function. Twenty-three subjects with acute heart disease met that inclusion also exclusion criteria, who were selected using nonrandom sampling. Statistical analysis was conducted to specify the levels of MMP-9 before, after the administration of therapy.

The most widely used ACE inhibitor drug was ramipril for 15 patients (65%), and the least used ACE Inhibitor drug was captopril for two patients (9%). Meanwhile, the mean MMP-9 levels before therapy was (1,915.26pg/mL±260.84), and the mean MMP-9 levels after therapy was (1,916.93pg/mL±383.12). The statistical analysis result revealed no significant difference in the degrees of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 accumulation (p=0.378).

There was no significant reduction in the levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 after pretest and posttest.
There was no significant reduction in the levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 after pretest and posttest.
The rapid spread of antimalarial drug resistance is becoming a problem in the treatment of malaria. The fact was indicated the importance of finding new antimalarial drugs. The genus Garcinia is well known to be a rich source of bioactive prenylated xanthones and triterpenes reported for their antimalarial activity.
is one of the Garcinia genera that can be explored for the search of new antimalarial drugs. This study was aimed to determine the antimalarial activities of
extracts and fractions.

Miq. stem was collected fromBalikpapan Botanical Garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was extracted gradually with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol by ultrasonic assisted method. The most active extract was further separated using the open column chromatography method. All extracts and fractions were tested against
3D7 using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and followed by IC
determination.

The results showed that all extracts inhibit
growth by LDH assay. The highest inhibition was showed m has the highest antimalarial activity. It might be a potential candidate for the new antimalarial drug.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of insulin metabolism disorder that affects the socio-economic conditions of the community. The cost of treating diabetes in 2019 was USD 760 billion and by 2045 there are predicted to be 700 million people living with diabetes. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the economic burden caused by Diabetes Mellitus for the government, health care providers, and for the community.

This systematic review was carried out by considering the related studies about the cost of illness, evaluation of disease costs, or therapeutic costs for various types of diabetes mellitus that were published in both English and Indonesian. The search engines PUBMED, DOAJ, SCOPUS, SCIENCE DIRECT, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were used without date published restrictions.

A systematic search identifies 18 eligible studies conducted in various regions in Indonesia. The study was retrospective with variation in their perspectives and methods to estimate the diabetes cost. Drug cost was the major contributor to direct medical cost followed by complications cost while other cost was affected by transportation cost, productivity losses, and time spent by family accompanying patients.
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