Notes

Unique human Langerhans cellular subsets set up mutual functions and wish various developing rules.
4%), family consensus (26.4%), doubt regarding prognostic accuracy (20.7%), and cost of long-term care (18.6%). For the 796 VS respondents, LCA revealed 5 groups. Four of the 5 groups had similar concern profiles to the 4 SD groups. The largest (29.0%) expressed the most prognostic doubt. An additional group (15.8%) prioritized religious concerns. CONCLUSIONS Although surrogate decision makers for patients with SABI are concerned with respecting patient wishes and minimizing suffering, certain groups highly prioritize other specific decisional factors. These data can help inform future interventions for supporting decision makers. © 2020 American Academy of Neurology.OBJECTIVE To assess the dose-response of daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist, on wake after sleep onset (WASO). METHODS Elderly (≥65 years) participants (n = 58) with insomnia were randomly allocated (Latin square design) to receive 5 treatments (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg daridorexant and placebo) during 5 treatment periods, each consisting of 2 treatment nights followed by a 5- to 12-day washout period. Main efficacy endpoints were the absolute change from baseline in WASO (primary) and latency to persistent sleep (LPS; secondary) to days 1 and 2 (mean of 2 treatment nights assessed by polysomnography) in each period. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. RESULTS Of 58 participants included, 67% were female, and the median age was 69 years (range 65-85 years). WASO and LPS were dose-dependently reduced from baseline to days 1 and 2 after daridorexant administration (multiple comparison procedure modeling, p less then 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively); reductions were statistically significant for doses ≥10 mg compared with placebo (WASO -32.0, -45.1, -61.4 minutes; LPS -44.9, -43.8, -45.4 minutes for 10, 25, and 50 mg, respectively, p ≤ 0.025). Treatment-emergent adverse events were similar for daridorexant and placebo; the most frequent were fatigue, nasopharyngitis, gait disturbance, and headache (≤7% in any group). CONCLUSIONS Daridorexant was well tolerated. Dose-dependent improvements in WASO and LPS were statistically significant (dose range 10-50 mg) in elderly people with insomnia disorder. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02841709. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that, for elderly people with insomnia, daridorexant reduced WASO. © 2020 American Academy of Neurology.OBJECTIVE To present (1) the ethical concepts related to the debate on resuscitation of extremely premature infants (EPIs) as they are described in the ethical literature; and (2) the ethical arguments based on these concepts. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review of the ethical literature. We selected articles based on the following predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria (1) English language articles (2) presenting fully elaborated ethical arguments (3) on resuscitation (4) of EPIs, that is, infants born before 28 weeks of gestation. ANALYSIS After repeated reading of articles, we developed individual summaries, conceptual schemes and an overall conceptual scheme. Ethical arguments and concepts were identified and analysed. RESULTS Forty articles were included out of 4709 screened. Personhood, best interest, autonomy and justice were concepts grounding the various arguments. Regarding these concepts, included authors agreed that the best interest principle should guide resuscitation decisions, whereas justice seemed the least important concept. The arguments addressed two questions Should we resuscitate EPIs? Who should decide? Included authors agreed that not all EPIs should be resuscitated but disagreed on what criteria should ground this decision. Overall, included authors agreed that both parents and physicians should contribute to the decision. CONCLUSIONS The included publications suggest that while the best interest is the main concept guiding resuscitation decisions, justice is the least important. The included authors also agree that both parents and physicians should be actively involved in resuscitation decisions for EPIs. However, our results suggest that parents' decision should be over-ridden when in contrast with the EPI's best interest. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. check details No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is one of the 25 syndromic forms of obesity, in which patients present-in addition to different degrees of obesity-intellectual disability, endocrine disturbs, hyperphagia and/or other signs of hypothalamic dysfunction. In front of a severe/extreme obesity and the failure of non-invasive treatments, bariatric surgery is proposed as a therapeutic option. The complexity of the clinical condition, which could affect the long-term effects of bariatric surgery, and the frequent association with a mild to severe intellectual disability raise some ethical concerns in the treatment of obese PWS adolescents. This article analyses these issues referring to the principles of healthcare ethics beneficence/non-maleficence (proportionality of treatments; minimisation of risks); respect of autonomy; justice. Based on these principles, three hypothetical scenarios are defined (1) obese PWS adolescent, capable of making an autonomous decision; (2) obese PWS adolescent with a severe intellectual disability, whose parents agree with bariatric surgery; (3) obese PWS adolescent with a life-threatening condition and a severe intellectual disability, whose parents do not agree with bariatric surgery. The currently available evidence on efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery in PWS adolescents with extreme or severe obesity and the lack of adequate long-term follow-up suggests great caution even in a very life-threatening condition. Clinicians must always obtain a full IQ assessment of patients by psychologists. A multidisciplinary team is needed to analyse the clinical, psychological, social and ethical aspects and organise support for patient and parents, involving also the hospital ethical committee or, if necessary, legal authorities. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
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