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Homeopathy Yiqi Huoxue formula attenuates hepatic fibrosis via YAP/TAZ signaling.
Understanding the origin and distribution of genetic diversity across landscapes is critical for predicting the future of organisms in changing climates. This study investigated how adaptive and demographic forces have shaped diversity and population structure in Pinus densata, a keystone species on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). We examined the distribution of genomic diversity across the range of P. Atglistatin densata using exome capture sequencing. We applied spatially explicit tests to dissect the impacts of allele surfing, geographic isolation and environmental gradients on population differentiation and forecasted how this genetic legacy may limit the persistence of P. densata in future climates. We found that allele surfing from range expansion could explain the distribution of 39% of the ~48,000 genotyped SNPs. Uncorrected, these allele frequency clines severely confounded inferences of selection. After controlling for demographic processes, isolation-by-environment explained 9.2-19.5% of the genetic structure, with ~4.0% of loci being affected by selection. Allele surfing and genotype-environment associations resulted in genomic mismatch under projected climate scenarios. We illustrate that significant local adaptation, when coupled with reduced diversity due to demographic history, constrains potential evolutionary response to climate change. The strong signal of genomic vulnerability in P. densata may be representative for other QTP endemics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of different biopolymer systems on the viability of two probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus thermophilus) during storage and in vitro digestion. Methylcellulose (MC), sodium alginate (SA), and whey protein (WP)-based structures were designed and characterized in terms of pH, rheological properties, and visual appearance. RESULTS The results highlighted that the WP-system ensured probiotic protection during both storage and in vitro digestion. This result was attributed to a combined effect of the physical barrier offered by the protein gel network and whey proteins as a nutrient for microbes. On the other hand, surprisingly, the viscous methylcellulose-based system was able to guarantee good microbial viability during storage. However, this was not confirmed during in vitro digestion. The opposite results were obtained for sodium alginate beads. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the capacity of a polymeric structure to protect probiotic bacteria is a combination of structural organization and system formulation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of breed as a risk factor associated with humeral condylar fracture in skeletally immature dogs in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of dogs under 12 months of age that were presented with humeral condylar fracture to three specialist referral centres between 2015 and 2018. Data retrieved from medical records included breed, age, gender, neuter status, affected limb, fracture configuration and aetiology of the fracture. Breed population percentages were compared with those recorded by the UK Kennel Club. RESULTS Of the 115 dogs with 118 fractures, French bulldogs (41%) and English springer spaniels (15%) were overrepresented humeral condylar fractures were more commonly diagnosed in French bulldogs (odds ratio = 5.86) and English springer spaniels (odds ratio = 5.66) compared with mixed-breed dogs. Lateral condylar fractures occurred in 70% of cases, with medial condylar fractures and Y/T fractures accounting for 9% and 21%, respectively. Median age at the time of fracture was 4 months (range 2 to 10 months). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE French bulldogs and English springer spaniels were identified as being at potentially increased risk of humeral condylar fracture in skeletally immature dogs. © 2020 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.Interspecific New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties have been recently developed and used in Sub-Saharan Africa but herbivore resistance properties of these plants remain poorly understood. Here we report that, compared to a local Japanese cultivar Nipponbare, NERICA 1, 4 and 10 are significantly more damaged by insect herbivores in the paddy fields. In contrast to high levels of leaf damage from rice skippers and grasshoppers, constitutive and induced volatile organic compounds for indirect plant defense were higher or similar in NERICAs and Nipponbare. Accumulation of direct defense secondary metabolites, momilactones A and B, and p-coumaroylputrescine (CoP) was reduced in NERICAs, while feruloylputrescine accumulated at similar levels in all varieties. Finally, we found that Nipponbare leaves were covered with sharp nonglandular trichomes impregnated with silicon but comparable defense structures were virtually absent in herbivory-prone NERICA plants. As damage to the larval gut membranes by Nipponbare silicified trichomes that pass intact through the insect digestive system, occurs, and larval performance is enhanced by trichome removal from otherwise chemically defended Nipponbare plants, we propose that silicified trichomes work as an important defense mechanism of rice against chewing insect herbivores. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Pistachio nuts may be consumed as raw nuts or as roasted nuts. However, there is limited information about protein quality of the nuts and amino acid (AA) digestibility and protein quality have not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that raw and roasted pistachio nuts have digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) and protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) that are greater than 75, thereby, qualifying them as a good source of protein. RESULTS The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AA, except Arg and Phe, was less in roasted pistachio nuts than in raw pistachio nuts (P less then  0.05). Raw pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 73 and roasted pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 81, calculated for children 2 to 5 years, and the limiting AA in the PDCAAS calculation was Thr. The DIAAS calculated for children older than 3 years, adolescents, and adults was 86 and 83 for raw and roasted pistachio nuts, respectively.
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