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nts concentration for those sewage treatment plants that used UASB systems, especially in countries with temperate and warm climates.Quantifying the economic benefits and environmental costs brought about by trade can help reveal the environmental inequalities behind regional trade. There have been many studies on the accounting of greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants embodied in regional trade, but there are insufficient studies analyzing the imbalance between the economic benefits and environmental costs embodied in trade. Electricity-related carbon emissions are the main contributor to global warming, explaining more than 40% of carbon emissions both globally and in China. Bisindolylmaleimide IX This study uses the network approach and multiregional input-output (MRIO) model to quantify the electricity-related carbon emissions and value added embodied in China's interprovincial trade from 2007 to 2012 and also applies the regional environmental inequality (REI) index to measure the imbalance of electricity-related carbon emissions and economic benefits embodied in such trade. The results show that 20-80% of the electricity-related carbon emissions and 15-70% of the value added of a province's final demand are outsourced to other provinces. The major directions of the net value added and electricity-related carbon emissions embodied in China's interprovincial trade were from north to south and from the center to the east. Unequal bilateral interprovincial trade mainly occurred between inland provinces and developed provinces, and western provinces (such as Guizhou, Gansu, and Ningxia) suffered economic and environmental losses from interprovincial trade. This study can promote understanding of the distribution impacts of domestic trade on environmental costs and economic benefits and provide a reference for China's cross-provincial carbon emission mitigation policies.Long-term data regarding soil properties and crop growth are powerful resources substantially contributing to our knowledge of soil-forming processes of reclaimed sandy desertification land. Generalized ecological principles derived from long-term observations that help to maintain or improve soil quality and productivity is critical for guiding field management practices while suitable for newly reclaimed sandy desertification land still need to be evaluated. Here, a 14-yr old experiment showed that soil quality index (SQI) had an "increase-decline-recovery" tendency in irrigation and fertilizer addition desertification lands while it remained at constantly low levels in desertification land with only irrigation. Stably decent yield and net incomes were obtained after 3-4 years' consecutive irrigation and fertilizer addition management. Correlation between crop productivity and SQI followed a saturation characteristic curve with threshold at 0.5, corresponding to soil organic carbon (SOC) ~5.0 g kg-1, below which crop productivity was linearly declined. 60% of observed inter-annual variations in SQI were explained by quantity of leaf litter, which was three times higher than explanatory power of root residue. No substantial changes occurred in soil mechanical components while the soil microbial biomass carbon, water-stable aggregate and heavy carbon pool in SOC were significantly improved by 2-9 folds in reclaimed desertification lands. Results revealed that increased biomass production with abundant residue retention is crucial for ameliorating soil quality, stabilizing high yield and economic gains, supporting the "High Biomass Cropping System" ecological hypothesis. Ecological limitations and opportunities to sustainable utilization of sandy desertification land were discussed.Nowadays, alternative options to conventional wastewater treatment should be studied due to rising concerns emerged by the presence of pharmaceuticals compounds (PhCs) in the aquatic environment. In this work, a combined system including biological treatment by activated sludge plus adsorption with activated carbon is proposed to remove three selected drugs (acetaminophen (ACT), caffeine (CAF) and ibuprofen (IBU)) in a concentration of 2 mg L-1 of each one. For it three sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated. SBR-B treated a synthetic wastewater (SWW) without target drugs and SBR-PhC and SBR-PhC + AC operated with SWW doped with the three drugs, adding into SBR-PhC + AC 1.5 g L-1 of a mesoporous granular activated carbon. Results showed that the hybrid system SBR-activated carbon produced an effluent free of PhCs, which in addition had higher quality than that achieved in a conventional activated sludge treatment in terms of lower COD, turbidity and SMP concentrations. On the other hand, five possible routes of removal for target drugs during the biological treatment were studied. Hydrolysis, oxidation and volatilization pathways were negligible after 6 h of reaction time. Adsorption route only was significant for ACT, which was adsorbed completely after 5 h of reaction, while only 1.9% of CAF and 5.6% of IBU were adsorbed. IBU was the least biodegradable compound.Nanoparticles (NPs) application in soil as nano-fertilizers to increase crop yield is getting attention due to their higher efficiency and less environmental risks. This study investigated the interactive effects of variable titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) levels (0, 30, 50 and 100 mg kg-1) superimposed to phosphorus (P) fertilizer application in soil at the rates of 0, 25 and 50 mg kg-1 on wheat crop. Physiological parameters of plants, their antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, POD), and contents of crude protein, H2O2, MDA and metals/nutrients (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) were measured. Data on physiological traits revealed that application of 50 mg kg-1 of TiO2-NPs without P fertilizer significantly enhanced the root and shoot length by 63 and 26%, respectively. Increased contents of nutrients in the shoots, viz., Ca (316%), Cu (296%), Al (171%) and Mg (187%) with 50 mg kg-1 TiO2-NPs treatment reflected improvement in crop growth and grain quality. Furthermore, P contents in plant tissues were rato bring them in soluble form, which enhanced their bioavailability. Although it improved the crop yield and quality, but toxic or negative impact of TiO2-NPs was also apparent at higher dose. Therefore, investigations on the potential interactions of NPs with other nutrients and toxic metals are needed to enhance our understanding for the safer application of nano-fertilizer.
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