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There were significant positive correlations between TG content and perirenal fat percentage, as well as FAS activity and perirenal fat percentage, but significant negative correlations between TG and NO levels, and FAS activity and IGF-1 level in rabbits after NCG treatment. NCG supplementation did not affect hepatic health indicators, except for serum ammonia concentrations, which were decreased in NCG-treated rabbits. Our results suggest that NCG can serve as a dietary supplement to reduce unfavorable fat deposition through inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis in animals since it appeared to have no negative effects on growth performance or hepatic health.Preliminary evidence suggested that high-fat diets (HFD) enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) but not monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), promoted hyperinsulinemia and pancreatic hypertrophy with insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to determine whether substitution of dietary MUFA within a HFD could attenuate the progression of pancreatic islet dysfunction seen with prolonged SFA-HFD. For 32 weeks, C57BL/6J mice were fed either 1) low fat diet, 2) SFA-HFD, or 3) SFA-HFD for 16 weeks then switched to MUFA-HFD for 16 weeks (SFA-to-MUFA-HFD). Fasting insulin was assessed throughout the study; islets were isolated following the intervention. Substituting SFA-to-MUFA-HFD prevented the progression of hyperinsulinemia observed in SFA-HFD mice (p less then 0.001). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets was reduced by SFA-HFD, yet not fully affected by SFA-to-MUFA-HFD. Markers of β-cell identity (Ins2, Nkx6.1, Ngn3, Rfx6, Pdx1 and Pax6) were reduced, and islet inflammation was increased (IL-1β, 3.0-fold, p=0.007; CD68, 2.9-fold, p=0.001, Il-6, 1.1-fold, p=0.437), in SFA-HFD; effects not seen with SFA-to-MUFA-HFD. Switching to MUFA-HFD can partly attenuate progression of SFA-HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia, pancreatic inflammation, and impairments in β-cell function. Whilst further work is required from a mechanistic perspective, dietary fat may mediate its effect in an IL-1β - AMPK dependent fashion. read more Future work should assess potential translation of the modulation of metabolic-inflammation in man.OBJECTIVE This paper reviews our experience of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser in transcanal totally endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary referral centre, involving a consecutive series of children with cholesteatoma who underwent totally endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery with a KTP laser. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 10.5 years (range, 1.8-18 years). A KTP laser was used in 70 of the 83 cases (84 per cent). The laser was not used in 13 'clean' cases, in which disease was removed more easily. Residual disease was detected in five cases (6 per cent), of which the KTP laser had been used in four (5 per cent). No complications were associated with KTP laser use. CONCLUSION The combination of KTP laser use with endoscopic visualisation is effective for minimising the risk of residual disease using a minimally invasive surgical approach. The thin, semi-flexible fibre carrier of the KTP laser is ideally suited to work alongside the endoscope within the narrow confines of the ear canal.OBJECTIVE To review the management of temporal bone fractures at a major trauma centre and introduce an evidence-based protocol. METHODS A review of reports of head computed tomography performed for trauma from January 2012 to July 2018 was conducted. Recorded data fields included mode of trauma, patient age, associated intracranial injury, mortality, temporal bone fracture pattern, symptoms and intervention. RESULTS Of 815 temporal bone fracture cases, records for 165 patients met the inclusion criteria; detailed analysis was performed on the records of these patients. CONCLUSION Temporal bone fractures represent high-energy trauma. Initial management focuses on stabilisation of the patient and treatment of associated intracranial injury. Acute ENT intervention is directed towards the management of facial palsy and cerebrospinal fluid leak, and often requires multidisciplinary team input. The role of nerve conduction assessment for immediate facial palsy is variable across the UK. The administration of high-dose steroids in patients with temporal bone fracture and intracranial injury is not advised. A robust evidence-based approach is introduced for the management of significant ENT complications associated with temporal bone fractures.BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains the predominant cause of infections in drug users. This cross-sectional study aims to elucidate the prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and molecular characteristics of S. aureus carriage among community-based drug users. METHODS All eligible drug users, with both injection and non-injection route of drug administration, were asked to complete questionnaires and collect nasal swabs by trained personal during the period between May and December 2017 in Guangzhou, China. Swabs were processed for identification of S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect phenotypic and molecular characteristics for identified isolates. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess risk factors for S. aureus carriage. RESULTS Overall, 353 drug users were included in the study and the prevalence of S. aureus carriage was 1-related diseases. Decolonization and antibiotic stewardship might be implemented for drug users with MRSA carriage.BACKGROUND The overuse of antimicrobials in food animals and the subsequent contamination of the environment have been associated with development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review presents information on antimicrobial use, resistance and status of surveillance systems in food animals and the environment in Africa. METHODS Information was searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and African Journal Online databases. Full-length original research and review articles on antimicrobial use, prevalence of AMR from Africa covering a period from 2005 to 2018 were examined. The articles were scrutinized to extract information on the antimicrobial use, resistance and surveillance systems. RESULTS A total of 200 articles were recovered. Of these, 176 studies were included in the review while 24 articles were excluded because they were not relevant to antimicrobial use and/or resistance in food animals and the environment. The percentage of farms using antimicrobials in animal production ranged from 77.
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