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1Q. Different types of failures?
A. Transaction failures: Occurs due to the logical errors or system issues like deadlocks Ex: invalid operations.
System failures: Result from hardware malfunction, software crashes and power outages.
Media failures: Happens due to the physical damage to storge devices and causing loss of database files.
2Q. Different types of database storages?
A. 1. Primary Storage: RAM for quick access
2. Secondary Storage: Hard disks and SSD's
3. Tertiary Storage: USB drives and optical disks
4. Volatile vs non-volatile storage: volatile (RAM) non-volatile (Hard
disks)
5. Cloud storage: internet-based scalable storage.
3Q. Short note on checkpoints?
A. Checkpoint is a point where all the changes made to the database
like updates, inserts, or deletes are saved permanently to the disk.
Purpose: Helps reduce recovery time
Advantages: Ensures data consistency and speeds up the recovery process after a failure.
4Q. NoSQL: It is a type of database that stores data in more flexible way than traditional SQL database.
NoSQL is used for big data and real-time web apps.
Examples: Twitter, Facebook and google.
Types of NoSQL 1. Key value pair based 2. Graph based
3.Document-oriented 4. Column-oriented
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