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Cyathostomin fecal eggs count and also milk quality throughout dairy products donkeys.
5-12.5 Hz] band which occurred at 60 ms in Cont P and 300 ms in Sup P and prominent for the ulnar condition over the median one. The beta band decrease [16-30 Hz] which occurred in the same ROIs was especially significant after ulnar stimulation too. Effective connectivity measures did not differ significantly across conditions but exhibited some slight difference in the alpha-band causal flow coming from Cent F in direction to Cont P and Sup P. Although pending completion of multiple-subjects study, these results already suggest magnitude differences in somatosensory spectral fluctuations and sensorimotor interactions flows.Understanding the joint encoding of multiple tactile stimulus features (e.g., spatial position, amplitude, and frequency of vibration) is a major goal of somatosensory neuroscience, and the development of experimental set-ups to probe joint encoding is important. We describe in detail a microcontroller-based, piezoelectric bender device for tactile experiments. The device comprises an Arduino Due microcontroller board with a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 RISC processor, and two 12-bit digital-to-analog converters, enabling precise, independent stimulation of adjacent epithelial points. Using laser doppler vibrometry, we developed a model of the benders' structural mechanics, which we implemented on the device. We used the device to delivered precise, reliable somatosensory stimulation in an experimental setting, recording electrophysiological responses in the peripheral nervous system of the Gisborne cockroach (Drymaplaneta semivitta) to sinusoidal vibration of tibial spines. We plotted tuning curves and derived bandwidths of multi-unit populations. We also stimulated rat facial vibrissae ex vivo. This microcontroller-based, low-cost, open-source system leverages a large developer community associated with Arduino, and may help speed advances in systems neuroscience.Electrical stimulation of residual nerves can be used to provide amputees with intuitive sensory feedback. An important aspect of this artificial sensory feedback is the ability to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli. Using classical psychophysical methods, we quantified the just-noticeable differences for electrocutaneous stimulation pulse frequency in both intact participants and one transradial amputee. For the transradial amputee, we also quantified the just-noticeable difference of intraneural microstimulation pulse frequency via chronically implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays. We demonstrate that intensity discrimination is similar across conditions intraneural microstimulation of the residual nerves, electrocutaneous stimulation of the reinnervated skin on the residual limb, and electrocutaneous stimulation of intact hands. We also show that intensity discrimination performance is significantly better at lower pulse frequencies than at higher pulse frequencies - a finding that's unique to electrocutaneous and intraneural stimulation and suggests that supplemental sensory cues may be present at lower pulse frequencies. These results can help guide the implementation of artificial sensory feedback for sensorized bionic arms.Clinical Relevance- Intraneural and electrocutaneous artificial sensory feedback are comparable in their ability to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli via pulse frequency.Speech imagery based brain-computer interface (BCI) has the potential to assist patients with communication disorders to recover their speech communication abilities. Mandarin is a tonal language, and its tones play an important role in language perception and semantic understanding. find more This work studied the electroencephalogram (EEG) based classification of Mandarin tones based on speech imagery, and also compared the classification performance of speech imagery based BCIs at two test conditions with visual-only and combined audio-visual stimuli, respectively. Participants imagined 4 Mandarin tones at each condition. Common spatial patterns were applied to extract feature vectors, and support vector machine was used to classify different Mandarin tones from EEG data. Experimental results showed that the tonal articulation imagination task achieved a higher classification accuracy at the combined audio-visual condition (i.e., 80.1%) than at the visual-only condition (i.e., 67.7%). The results in this work supported that Mandarin tone information could be decoded from EEG data recorded in a speech imagery task, particularly under the combined audio-visual condition.The incorporation of sensory feedback in prosthetics can lead to a range of benefits, such as improved hand control, increased prosthesis embodiment, and the reduction of phantom limb pain. However, the creation of reliable sensory feedback is complicated by the temporal modulation of the nervous system. Sensory fibres in the hand are primed to react to changing conditions, firing when discrete mechanical events occur. In this study, we investigate the minimal possible stimulation needed to distinguish different sensory patterns that can be used to indicate events. We presented a two-alternative forced-choice task of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimuli to 10 participants. The results showed that different stimuli can be distinguished when double pulses have an inter-stimulus-interval of 10 ms. Additionally, providing a pause of at least 350 ms between stimuli increases the discrimination of the perception. These results suggest that humans can distinguish different patterns of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with as little as two stimuli, illustrating the possibility of providing event-related stimulation.Bone-conducted ultrasound (BCU) is perceived even by the profoundly sensorineural deaf and has been applied to the development of a novel hearing aid. In the BCU hearing aid, the vibrator is pressed onto the mastoid process of the temporal bone (the osseous bulge behind the ear). However, BCU can be heard on distal parts of the body; e.g., the muscle of the neck, the clavicle and the upper limbs. Some studies have been carried out to develop other BCU hearing devices using this "distant presentation". However, the possibility of the localization of distantly-presented BCU has not been verified. In this study, we investigated whether listeners could use the interaural time differences (ITDs) and intensity differences (IIDs) as cues for lateralization (left/right discrimination) of distantly-presented BCU. The results showed that lateralization based on ITDs and IIDs is possible to some extent, even for the distant presentation, whereas lateralization become difficult as the stimulus placement gets further from the head.
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