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A human iPSC-astroglia neurodevelopmental design reveals divergent transcriptomic designs inside schizophrenia.
ases and MHC-associated immunological diseases.
We generated several BAC transgenic mice, and analyzed the expression of HLA-DPA1/DPB1 in those mice. A model of S aureus-induced pneumonia in the HLA-DP401-H2-Aβ1-/- humanized mice was further developed, and S aureus infection upregulated the HLA-DP401 expression in thymus of those humanized mice. These findings demonstrate the potential of those HLA-DPA1/DPB1 transgenic humanized mice for developing animal models of infectious diseases and MHC-associated immunological diseases.Despite the impressive efficacies demonstrated in preclinical research, hundreds of potentially neuroprotective drugs have failed to provide effective neuroprotection for ischemic stroke in human clinical trials. Lack of a powerful animal model for human ischemic stroke could be a major reason for the failure to develop successful neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke. This review recapitulates the available cerebral ischemia animal models, provides an anatomical comparison of the circle of Willis of each species, and describes the functional assessment tests used in these ischemic stroke models. The distinct differences between human ischemic stroke and experimental stroke in available animal models is explored. Innovative animal models more closely resembling human strokes, better techniques in functional outcome assessment and better experimental designs generating clearer and stronger evidence may help realise the development of truly neuroprotective drugs that will benefit human ischemic stroke patients. This may involve use of newer molecules or revisiting earlier studies with new experimental designs. Translation of any resultant successes may then be tested in human clinical trials with greater confidence and optimism.Cancer is a major stress for public well-being and is the most dreadful disease. The models used in the discovery of cancer treatment are continuously changing and extending toward advanced preclinical studies. Cancer models are either naturally existing or artificially prepared experimental systems that show similar features with human tumors though the heterogeneous nature of the tumor is very familiar. The choice of the most fitting model to best reflect the given tumor system is one of the real difficulties for cancer examination. Therefore, vast studies have been conducted on the cancer models for developing a better understanding of cancer invasion, progression, and early detection. These models give an insight into cancer etiology, molecular basis, host tumor interaction, the role of microenvironment, and tumor heterogeneity in tumor metastasis. These models are also used to predict novel cancer markers, targeted therapies, and are extremely helpful in drug development. In this review, the potential of cancer models to be used as a platform for drug screening and therapeutic discoveries are highlighted. Although none of the cancer models is regarded as ideal because each is associated with essential caveats that restraint its application yet by bridging the gap between preliminary cancer research and translational medicine. However, they promise a brighter future for cancer treatment.Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration is associated with the development of musculoskeletal, neurological, and other ailments. Low back pain and other spine disorders are prevalent among those exposed to whole-body vibration in occupational and military settings. Although standards for limiting exposure to whole-body vibration have been in place for decades, there is a lack of understanding of whole-body vibration-associated risks among safety and healthcare professionals. Consequently, disorders associated with whole-body vibration exposure remain prevalent in the workforce and military. The relationship between whole-body vibration and low back pain in humans has been established largely through cohort studies, for which vibration inputs that lead to symptoms are rarely, if ever, quantified. find more This gap in knowledge highlights the need for the development of relevant in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models to study such pathologies. The parameters of vibrational stimuli (eg, frequency and direction) play critical roles in such pathologies, but the specific cause-and-effect relationships between whole-body vibration and spinal pathologies remain mostly unknown. This paper provides a summary of whole-body vibration parameters; reviews in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models for spinal pathologies resulting from whole-body vibration; and offers suggestions to address the gaps in translating injury biomechanics data to inform clinical practice.
Celiac disease typically presents with symptoms of malabsorption, but extraintestinal manifestations are increasingly reported. Aplastic anemia as the mode of celiac disease presentation is extremely rare in children.

We report a 2-year-old boy who presented with loose stools, loss of appetite, and bicytopenia with severe aregenerative normocytic anemia. Investigations, including bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, revealed aplastic anemia. Screening for malabsorption showed increased plasma concentrations of anti-transglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies. A duodenal biopsy confirmed the histologic features of celiac disease. The child received a packed red cell transfusion and was started on a gluten-free diet, with a very good prognosis and normalization of both his blood and histological parameters. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the sixth pediatric case in the literature.

Screening for celiac disease should be performed in children with unexplained hematological abnormalities such as aplastic anemia with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.
Screening for celiac disease should be performed in children with unexplained hematological abnormalities such as aplastic anemia with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.
Portal venous gas (PVG) is common in necrotizing enterocolitis and occasionally occurs in neonates after umbilical vein catheterization (UVC). Therefore, determining the cause of PVG requires further clinical evaluation in these cases.

We report the case of a very-low-birth-weight infant who underwent UVC after birth. PVG was an unexpected finding on ultrasound following catheterization. The UVC was immediately removed and replaced with a peripherally inserted central catheter. The infant's physical examination was unremarkable. Bedside X-ray revealed neither PVG nor pneumatosis intestinalis, which would indicate the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. After full evaluation, breastfeeding was started on the same day. The infant did not develop feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, or other disorders.

PVG occasionally occurs in neonates who undergo UVC and is considered to be caused by exogenous gases. PVG is more easily detected with ultrasound than with X-ray and does not affect early feeding in premature infants.
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