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BACKGROUND Autophagy has a principal role in mediating tumor cell metabolism. However, the role of autophagy-pathway-related genes (APRGs) as prognostic markers remains obscure in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). More potential prognostic biomarkers are needed to deepen our understanding to explore the prognostic role of APRGs in LUAD. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to identify differentially expressed APRGs. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify prognostic APRGs, and then a risk model was constructed. The efficacy of the risk model was confirmed using a testing group. Lastly, we explored mutational signatures of prognostic of APRGs. COX inhibitor T-tests were used to analyze all the expression patterns of genes by SPSS 19.0. RESULTS Using TCGA database, 5 differently expressed APRGs were identified in LUAD patients, and functional enrichment analyze of the genes that were closely associated with the survival status in LUAD patients. Cox proportional hazard regression was facilitated to identify 9 APRGs (CCR2, LAMP1, RELA, ATG12, ATG9A, NCKAP1, ATG10, DNAJB9, and MBTPS2). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses further identified 5 key prognostic APRGs (CCR2, LAMP1, RELA, ATG12, and MBTPS2) that were closely related to the survival status in LUAD. Then the prognostic scores based on the 5 genes as independent prognostic indicators were constructed for overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients; area under the curve (AUC) values >0.70 (all P less then 0.05). The efficacy of prognostic scores was confirmed by data from the testing group and showed significant differences between the low-risk and the high-risk groups for OS (P less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The risk model based on the construction of 5 APRGs can predict the prognosis of patients with LUAD, which may potentially predict prognostic signatures for LUAD.BACKGROUND Undifferentiated small blue round cell sarcomas with CIC-DUX4 translocation differ morphologically and in clinical outcomes from other types of sarcoma. Although classified by the World Health Organization as undifferentiated sarcomas, it is unclear whether these tumors are variants of Ewing's sarcoma or a distinct entity. This report describes a round cell sarcoma with CIC-DUX4 translocation that presented clinically as a phlegmon. CASE REPORT A 31-year-old African American man presented with a mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Examination at a local hospital suggested an intra-abdominal abscess, and incision and drainage were performed. One week later, he returned with increased pain and bloody drainage from the incision site. Computed tomography showed a complex solid-cystic area measuring 7.8 cm suggesting a large phlegmon/abscess or neoplasm. Histologically, the sarcomatous malignancy was cellular, multinodular, and necrotic, with cells having round-ovoid to spindled nuclei and variable amounts of pale cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the mass was focally positive for CD99, but much less positive than an Ewing sarcoma. The mass also showed diffuse nuclear positivity for WT-1 and ETV4, but was negative for desmin. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization showed positivity for CIC-DUX4 gene fusion, resulting in a final diagnosis of round cell sarcoma with CIC-DUX4 translocation. The patient has completed 14 cycles of chemotherapy with no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS A round cell sarcoma with CIC-DUX4 translocation can present clinically as a phlegmon with pleomorphic morphology. Early tumor identification by molecular analysis and early initiation of treatment can improve patient prognosis.Protection of the chromosome from scission by the division machinery during cytokinesis is critical for bacterial survival and fitness. This is achieved by nucleoid occlusion, which, in conjunction with other mechanisms, ensures formation of the division ring at midcell. In Escherichia coli, this mechanism is mediated by SlmA, a specific DNA binding protein that antagonizes assembly of the central division protein FtsZ into a productive ring in the vicinity of the chromosome. Here, we provide evidence supporting direct interaction of SlmA with lipid membranes, tuned by its binding partners FtsZ and SlmA binding sites (SBS) on chromosomal DNA. Reconstructions in minimal membrane systems that mimic cellular environments show that SlmA binds to lipid-coated microbeads or locates at the edge of microfluidic-generated microdroplets, inside which the protein is encapsulated. DNA fragments containing SBS sequences do not seem to be recruited to the membrane by SlmA but instead compete with SlmA's ability to bind lipgulating the local activity of these cell division proteins. We find that interaction between SlmA and lipid membranes is regulated by SlmA's DNA binding sites and protein binding partners as well as chemical conditions, suggesting that the SlmA-membrane interactions are important for fine-tuning the regulation of nucleoid integrity during cytokinesis.Microbial syntrophy is universal in nature, profoundly affecting the composition and function of microbiomes. We have recently reported data suggesting direct cell-to-cell interactions leading to electron and material exchange between the two microbes in the syntrophy between Clostridium ljungdahlii and C. acetobutylicum Here, transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography demonstrated cell wall and membrane fusions between the two organisms, whereby C. ljungdahlii appears to invade C. acetobutylicum pole to pole. Correlative fluorescence transmission electron microscopy demonstrated large-scale exchange of proteins. Flow cytometry analysis captured the extent and dynamic persistence of these interactions. Dividing hybrid cells were identified containing stained proteins from both organisms, thus demonstrating persistence of cells with exchanged cellular components. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of one species with stained RNA and the other tagged with a fluorescent protein demonstratedal system, but these heterologous cell fusions were observed even under nonstrict syntrophic conditions, leaving open the possibility that strict syntrophy may not be necessary for interspecies cell fusion and cellular material exchange. Formation of hybrid cells that contain proteins and RNA from both organisms is unexpected and unprecedented. Such fusion events are likely widely distributed in nature, but have gone undetected. The implications are profound and may shed light onto many unexplained phenomena in human health, natural environments, evolutionary biology, and biotechnology.
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