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Leishmania tarentolae cell-free dependent means for quick anitbody-antigen conversation analysis.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a substantial percentage of the population, and the resources spent on their treatment are considerable. Despite the worldwide efforts around Tissue Engineering of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc, a proper implant offering a long-term solution for TMD was not yet developed. To contribute to these efforts, this work is focused on the research and development of implants for TMJ disc regeneration. Scaffolds and hydrogels mimicking the TMJ disc of black Merino sheep were produced using different materials, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and as a multi-material structure. Different parameters of the scaffold manufacturing were assessed the influence of processing temperatures, filament diameter, and biological environment. Moreover, two multi-material approaches were also assessed, scaffold with a hydrogel shell and scaffold with a hydrogel core. It was found that increasing temperature, the scaffolds' porosity decreases, increasing their compressive modulus. Decreasing the filament size (300 to 200 μm) decreases the compressive modulus to almost half of the initial value. Scaffolds with 200 μm filaments are the ones with a closer modulus to the native disc and their properties are maintained under hydrated conditions. The introduction of a hydrogel core in these scaffolds presented better mechanical properties to TMJ disc substitution. Copyright © 2020 Moura, Trindade, Vieira, Francisco, Ângelo and Alves.3D Bioprinting (3DBP) technologies open many possibilities for the generation of highly complex cellularized constructs. buy Gefitinib Nano-biomaterials have been largely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) for different purposes and functions depending on their intrinsic properties and how they have been presented in the biologic environment. Combination of bioprinting and nano-biomaterials paves the way for unexpected opportunities in the biofabrication scenario, by improving critical weakness of these manufacturing processes while enhancing their efficiency by spatially arranging nano-features. 3D organization of cells is fundamental for a successful design and maturation of native tissues. A critical challenge for the production of biological constructs is to support and guide cell growth toward their natural microenvironment, ensuring a harmonious presence of specific biochemical and biophysical cues to direct cell behavior. Also, precise arrays of stimuli need to be designed to induce stem cell differentiation toward specific tissues. Introducing nano-sized bioactive material can direct cell fate, playing a role in the differentiation process and leading to the biofabrication of functional structures. Nano-composite bio-ink can be used to generate cell instructive scaffolds or either directly printed with cells. In addition, the presence of nano-particles within 3D printed constructs can lead to control them through multiple external physical stimuli, representing an additional tool for healthcare applications. Finally, there is an emerging interest to create biological constructs having active properties, such as sensing, motion or shape modification. In this review, we highlight how introducing nano-biomaterials in bioprinting approaches leads to promising strategies for tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2020 Di Marzio, Eglin, Serra and Moroni.Finite element analysis (FEA) provides the current reference standard for numerical simulation of hip cartilage contact mechanics. Unfortunately, the development of subject-specific FEA models is a laborious process. Owed to its simplicity, Discrete Element Analysis (DEA) provides an attractive alternative to FEA. Advancements in computational morphometrics, specifically statistical shape modeling (SSM), provide the opportunity to predict cartilage anatomy without image segmentation, which could be integrated with DEA to provide an efficient platform to predict cartilage contact stresses in large populations. The objective of this study was, first, to validate linear and non-linear DEA against a previously validated FEA model and, second, to present and evaluate the applicability of a novel population-averaged cartilage geometry prediction method against previously used methods to estimate cartilage anatomy. The population-averaged method is based on average cartilage thickness maps and therefore allows for a while offering an efficient platform to conduct population-wide analyses of hip contact mechanics. Copyright © 2020 Van Houcke, Audenaert, Atkins and Anderson.Human movement is generated by a dynamic interplay between the nervous system, the biomechanical structures, and the environment. To investigate this interaction, we propose a neuro-musculoskeletal model of human goal-directed arm movements. Using this model, we simulated static perturbations of the inertia and damping properties of the arm, as well as dynamic torque perturbations for one-degree-of freedom movements around the elbow joint. The controller consists of a feed-forward motor command and feedback based on muscle fiber length and contraction velocity representing short-latency (25 ms) or long-latency (50 ms) stretch reflexes as the first neuronal responses elicited by an external perturbation. To determine the open-loop control signal, we parameterized the control signal resulting in a piecewise constant stimulation over time for each muscle. Interestingly, such an intermittent open-loop signal results in a smooth movement that is close to experimental observations. So, our model can generate the unorces, including joint loads and muscle-bone contact forces which are relevant in ergonomics and for the development of assistive devices but cannot be observed in experiments. Copyright © 2020 Stollenmaier, Ilg and Haeufle.Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cell-based therapies and for the promotion of tissue repair, hence the increase of clinical trials in a worldwide scale. In particular, adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells (AT MSC) present easy accessibility and a rather straightforward process of isolation, providing a clear advantage over other sources. The high demand of cell doses (millions of cells/kg), needed for infusion in clinical settings, requires a scalable and efficient manufacturing of AT MSC under xenogeneic(xeno)-free culture conditions. Here we describe the successful use of human AB serum [10%(v/v)] as a culture supplement, as well as coating substrate for the expansion of these cells in microcarriers using (i) a spinner flask and (ii) a 500-mL mini-bioreactor (ApplikonTM Biotechnology). Cells were characterized by immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation potential. Upon an initial cell adhesion in the spinner flask of 35 ± 2.5%, culture reached a maximal cell density of 2.
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