Notes

Parkin-deficient subjects tend to be resistant to neurotoxicity involving chronic high-dose meth.
tic pathway of these co-occurring symptoms. Our findings add to a growing body of literature that is shifting to study symptoms as they co-occur, or cluster, rather than individual symptoms.Enterolobium cyclocarpum (EC) is an edible plant and a gum source for food industries. Its sulfated polysaccharide extract (SEC) was examined for cancer chemopreventive properties to estimate its anti-tumor activity. The modulation of carcinogen metabolism and the antioxidant activity revealed that SEC is a potent tumor anti-initiator since it inhibited cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) and induced carcinogen detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase. SEC is also a weak scavenger for hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. SEC was found to modulate macrophage functions into an anti-inflammatory pattern, where it enhanced macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-lipopolysaccharide (FITC-LPS). In addition, SEC strongly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages and induced the binding affinity of FITC-LPS to macrophages. SEC exhibited specific cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular Hep G2 carcinoma cells. Desferrioxamine B inhibitor SEC disturbed the cell cycle phase, as indicated by the concomitant arrest in S- and G2/M-phases that was associated with necrosis induction. A short-term initiation model for liver cancer was prepared using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. SEC inhibited the DEN-histopathological findings and reduced both CYP1A and the tumor initiation marker placental glutathione S-transferase (GSTP). Taken together, SEC could be used as an alternative gum in health food industries to provide cancer prevention in high-risk populations.Although there is evidence of individual associations between depressive symptoms and hazardous alcohol use with suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH), few studies have established how the two risk factors may interact to predict viral suppression. We conducted secondary data analyses with two cohorts of Ugandan PLWH (N = 657) to investigate the hypothesized interaction between depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and hazardous alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test -Consumption and/or Phosphatidylethanol biomarker) prior to ART initiation with viral suppression ( less then 550 copies/ml). We were unable to detect an interaction between depressive symptoms and hazardous alcohol use prior to ART initiation with viral suppression in the first two years (M = 19.9 months) after ART initiation (p = 0.75). There was also no evidence of a main effect association for depressive symptoms (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 0.88, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.50, 1.55) or hazardous alcohol use (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.80, 2.33). PLWH with depressive symptoms and/or hazardous alcohol use appear to exhibit similar levels of viral suppression as others in care; further work is needed to determine effects on HIV testing and treatment engagement.Photoperiodic treatments have been of practical interest in controlling seasonal reproduction in sheep, goats and horses. Melatonin is the principal mediator of the environmental photoperiodic message. To investigate the intra- and inter-subject variability of melatonin 24 h rhythm, ten female Italian Saddle horses (8-10 yrs old, mean body weight 525 ± 30 kg), ten female Sarda breed sheep (2-3 yrs old, mean body weight 40.5 ± 2.8 kg) and ten female Sarda breed goats (3-4 yrs old, mean body weight 38.9 ± 4.1 kg), housed individually in a 4 × 4 m soundproof box equipped with 50 × 100 cm opening windows, were subjected to a natural photoperiod of the vernal equinox (sunrise 0600 h; sunset 1800 h). Blood samples were collected from each animal, every 3 h over a 48 h period starting at 0000 h of day 1 and ending at 0000 h of day 3. Plasma melatonin concentrations were determined by direct radioimmunoassay (MelatoninDirect RIA, Labor Diagnostika Nord GmbH, Nordhorn, Germany). The application of single cosinor method substantiated a circadian rhythm of melatonin with a nocturnal peak in all studied species. The application of two-way ANOVA on the rhythmic parameters indicated statistically significant differences between the three species in all of the cosinor analysis-derived parameters of MESOR, amplitude, acrophase and robustness of rhythm. Analyses of intra- and inter-subject variability indicate that organization of the melatonin 24 h rhythm is characterized by great accuracy of control within and between the individuals of a breed. In conclusion, features of the 24 h rhythm of melatonin among species; however, the 24 h rhythmicity of melatonin each species showed high stability within the various subjects and within the same subject. These findings must be taken into consideration when applying photoperiod and melatonin treatments for breeding purposes.In the elderly, low protein intake exacerbates the effects of sarcopenia and anabolic resistance. Protein supplementation to maximise muscle protein synthesis, may be an effective intervention. Aim To determine the effects of a low/high dose of protein, ingested immediately post-exercise, during resistance training in novice elderly males. Method 24 elderly (70.5±5.1, years) males were recruited (body mass 92.4±14.9 kg; fat free mass 61.4±7.6 kg). After exclusion criteria, 18 males participated. Participants continued their normal dietary intake and were allocated into two matched groups, then randomly assigned to either a 20 g or 40 g dose intervention. Following determination of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), participants completed 10 x 3d-1 wk resistance training and consumed protein supplements immediately following exercise. Results Significant improvements in chest press (p = 0.014, ɳp2 0.34) shoulder press (p = 0.005, ɳp2 0.43) and leg extension strength (p = 0.014, ɳp2 0.34), were observed following the 40 g dose, resulting in performance improvements of 19.1, 21.1, and 16.1% respectively, compared to the 20 g dose. ConclusionFindings suggest that ingesting 40 g of protein following resistance exercise, produces greater responses to training and may be an important nutritional strategy when prescribing resistance exercise in the elderly.
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