Notes

Predictors associated with positive axillary non-sentinel lymph nodes inside cancers of the breast sufferers with optimistic sentinel lymph node biopsy following neoadjuvant systemic remedy.
Additionally, individuals that lost body mass during the course of the experiment had lower levels of circulating triglycerides, and those with more oxidative damage had greater levels of heme oxygenase expression, which highlights the complex interplay between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Because low doses of LPS may simulate natural infection levels, variation in dose-dependent physiological responses may be particularly important in modeling how free-living animals navigate immune challenges. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Heatwaves negatively impact wildlife populations and their effects are predicted to worsen with ongoing global warming. Animal mass mortality at extremely high ambient temperature (T a) is evidence for physiological dysfunction and, to aid conservation efforts, improving our understanding of animal responses to environmental heat is crucial. To address this, I measured the water loss, body temperature and metabolism of an Australian marsupial during a simulated heatwave. The body temperature of the common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus increased passively by ∼3°C over a T a of 29-39°C, conveying water savings of 9.6 ml h-1 When T a crossed a threshold of 35-36°C, possums began actively cooling by increasing evaporative water loss and thermal conductance. It is clear that facultative hyperthermia is effective up to a point, but once this point is surpassed - the frequency and duration of which are increasing with climate change - body water would rapidly deplete, placing possums in danger of injury or death from dehydration. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Covert spatial attention has long been thought to speed visual processing. Psychophysics studies have shown that target information accrues faster at attended locations than at unattended locations. However, with behavioral evidence alone, it is difficult to determine whether attention speeds visual processing of the target, or subsequent post-perceptual stages of processing (e.g. converting sensory responses into decision signals). Moreover, while many studies have shown that that attention can boost the amplitude of visually-evoked neural responses, no robust effect has been observed on the latency of those neural responses. Here, we offer new evidence that may reconcile the neural and behavioral findings. We examined whether covert attention influenced the latency of the N2pc component, an electrophysiological marker of visual selection that has been linked with object individuation - the formation of an object representation that is distinct from the background and from other objects in the scene. To this N2pc, an electrophysiological signal that indexes the formation of individuated object representations. Our findings show that attention speeds a relatively early stage of perceptual processing, while also elucidating the specific perceptual process that is speeded. Copyright © 2020 the authors.Thalamocortical Posterior nucleus (Po) axons innervating the vibrissal somatosensory (S1) and motor (MC) cortices are key links in the brain neuronal network that allows rodents to explore the environment whisking with their motile snout vibrissae. Here, using fine-scale high-end 3D electron microscopy, we demonstrate in adult male C57BL/6 wildtype mice marked differences between MC vs. S1 Po synapses in a) bouton and active zone size; b) neurotransmitter vesicle pool size; c) distribution of mitochondria around synapses; and d) proportion of synapses established on dendritic spines and dendritic shafts. These differences are as large, or even more pronounced, than those between Po and ventroposterior thalamic nucleus synapses in S1. Moreover, using single-axon transfection labeling, we demonstrate that the above differences actually occur on the MC vs. the S1 branches of individual Po cell axons that innervate both areas. Along with recently-discovered divergences in efficacy and plasticity, the synaptic strimplies a new, unsuspected level of complexity in long-distance brain connections. Copyright © 2020 Rodriguez-Moreno et al.Seeing movement drives survival. It results from an uncertain interplay between evolution and experience, making it hard to isolate the drivers of computational architectures found in brains. Here we seek insight into motion perception using a neural network ('MotionNet') trained on moving images to classify velocity. The network recapitulates key properties of (a) motion direction and (b) speed processing in biological brains, and we use it to derive, and test, understanding of motion (mis)perception at the computational-, neural-, and perceptual-levels. We show that diverse motion characteristics are largely explained by the statistical structure of natural images, rather than motion per se First, we show how neural and perceptual biases for particular motion directions can result from the orientation structure of natural images. selleck chemical Second, we demonstrate an interrelation between speed and direction preferences in (macaque) MT neurons that can be explained by image autocorrelation. Third, we show that natural nal bias for motion direction. We show that inherent autocorrelation in natural images means that speed and direction are related quantities, which could shape the relationship between speed and direction tuning of MT neurons. Finally, we show that movement speed and image contrast are related in moving natural images, and that motion misperception can be explained by speed-contrast association not a 'slow world' prior. Copyright © 2020 Rideaux and Welchman.The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a forebrain region highly responsive to stress that expresses corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and is implicated in mood disorders such as anxiety. However, the exact mechanism by which chronic stress induces CRH-mediated dysfunction in BNST and maladaptive behaviors remains unclear. Here, we first confirmed that selective acute optogenetic activation of the oval nucleus (ovBNST) increases maladaptive avoidance behavior in male mice. Next, we found that a 6-week chronic variable mild stress (CVMS) paradigm resulted in maladaptive behaviors and increased cellular excitability of ovBNST CRH neurons by potentiating mEPSC amplitude, altering the resting membrane potential, and diminishing M-currents (a voltage-gated K+ current that stabilizes membrane potential) in ex vivo slices. CVMS also increased c-fos+ cells in ovBNST following handling. We next investigated potential molecular mechanism underlying the electrophysiological effects and observed that CVMS increased CRH+ and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide+ (PACAP; a CRH upstream regulator) cells, but decreased striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase+ (STEP; a CRH inhibitor) cells in ovBNST.
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