Notes

Multiplex changes regarding Escherichia coli regarding improved β-alanine biosynthesis through metabolism architectural.
'Small millets' is a generic term that includes all the millets except pearl millet and sorghum. These small or minor millets constitute eleven species that are marginally cultivated and consumed worldwide. These small millets possess excellent agronomic-, climate-resilient, and nutritional traits, although they lack popularity. Small millets withstand a broad spectrum of environmental stresses and possess better water-use and nitrogen-use efficiencies. Of note, small millets are five- to seven-fold nutritionally rich in terms of protein, bioactive compounds, micro- and macro-nutrients as compared to major cereals. Irrespective of these merits, small millets have received little research attention compared to major millets and cereals. However, the knowledge generated from such studies is significant for the improvement of millets per se and for translating the information to improve major cereals through breeding and transgene-based approaches. Given this, the review enumerates the efforts invested in dissecting the climate-resilient traits in small millets and provides a roadmap for deploying the information in crop improvement of millets as well as cereals in the scenario of climate change.Curcumin has ignited global interest as an elite drugable molecule, owing to its time-honoured pharmacological activities against diverse human ailments. Limited natural accessibility and poor oral bioavailability caused major hurdles in the curcumin-based drug development process. We report the first successful testimony of curcumin and its glucoside synthesis in Atropa belladonna hairy roots (HR) through metabolic engineering. Re-routing the inherent biosynthetic precursors of the phenylpropanoid pathway of A. belladonna by heterologous expression of key curcumin biosynthetic pathway genes (i.e., Diketide-CoA synthase-DCS and Curcumin synthase-CURS3) and glucosyltransferase gene (CaUGT2) resulted in the production of curcumin and its glucoside in HR clones. Under shake-flask cultivation, the PGD2-HR1clone bearing DCS/ CURS3 genes showed the maximum curcumin yield (180.62 ± 4.7 μg/g DW), while the highest content of curcumin monoglucoside (32.63 ± 2.27 μg/g DW) along with curcumin (67.89 ± 2.56 μg/g DW) were noted in the PGD3-HR3 clone co-expressing DCS/CURS3 and CaUGT2 genes. Bioreactor up-scaling showed yield improvements in the PGD2-HR1 (2.3 fold curcumin) and the PGD3-HR3 clone (0.9 and 1.65 folds of curcumin-monoglucoside and curcumin respectively). PLX3397 These findings proved the advantageous use of HR cultures as the production source for curcumin and its glucoside, which remained unexplored so far.The dominant neural model of visual mental imagery (VMI) stipulates that memories from the medial temporal lobe acquire sensory features in early visual areas. However, neurological patients with damage restricted to the occipital cortex typically show perfectly vivid VMI, while more anterior damages extending into the temporal lobe, especially in the left hemisphere, often cause VMI impairments. Here we present two major results reconciling neuroimaging findings in neurotypical subjects with the performance of brain-damaged patients (1) A large-scale meta-analysis of 46 fMRI studies, of which 27 investigated specifically visual mental imagery, revealed that VMI engages fronto-parietal networks and a well-delimited region in the left fusiform gyrus. (2) A Bayesian analysis showed no evidence for imagery-related activity in early visual cortices. We propose a revised neural model of VMI that draws inspiration from recent cytoarchitectonic and lesion studies, whereby fronto-parietal networks initiate, modulate, and maintain activity in a core temporal network centered on the fusiform imagery node, a high-level visual region in the left fusiform gyrus.The development of biological technologies in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics has led to the identification and characterization of the complete set of coding genes and their roles in various cellular pathways in cancer. Nevertheless, the cellular pathways have not been fully figured out like a jigsaw puzzle with missing pieces. The discovery of noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) has provided the missing pieces of the cellular pathways. Likewise, miRNAs have settled many questions of inexplicable patches in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. The ER stress-caused pathways typified by the unfolded protein response (UPR) are pivotal processes for cellular homeostasis and survival, rectifying uncontrolled proteostasis and determining the cell fate. Although various factors and pathways have been studied and characterized, the understanding of the ER stress requires more wedges to fill the cracks of knowledge about the ER stress pathways. Moreover, the roles of the ER stress and UPR are still controversial in cancer despite their strong potential to promote cancer. The noncoding RNAs, in particular, miRNAs aid in a better understanding of the ER stress and its role in cancer. In this review, miRNAs that are the more-investigated subtype of noncoding RNAs are focused on the interpretation of the ER stress in cancer, following the introduction of miRNA and ER stress.
Cardiac and vascular growth factors (GF) may influence myocardial remodeling through cardiac growth and angiogenic effects. We hypothesized that concentrations of circulating GF are associated with cardiac remodeling traits.

We related blood concentrations of vascular endothelial GF (VEGF), VEGFR-1 (sFlt1), angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), soluble angiopoietin type-2 receptor (sTie2), hepatocyte GF (HGF), insulin-like GF (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) to echocardiographic traits in 3151 Framingham Study participants (mean age 40years, 55% women). We evaluated the following measures left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMi), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), mitral E/e', and aortic root diameter (AoR). All biomarker values were sex-standardized.

In multivariable-adjusted analyses, higher GDF-15 concentrations were associated with higher log-LVMi (β=0.009 per SD, P=0.01). Similarly, sTie2 concentrations were positively associated with log-E/e' (β=0.
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