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Coumarin luciferins along with mutant luciferases for robust multi-component bioluminescence photo.
Plants, plant viruses, and their vectors are co-evolving actors that co-exist and interact in nature. Insects are the most important vectors of plant viruses, serving as both carriers and hosts for the virus. This trans-kingdom interaction can be harnessed for the production of recombinant plant viruses designed to target insect genes via the RNAi machinery. The selection of the adequate viruses is important since they must infect and preferentially replicate in both the host plant and the insect vector. The routes of transmission that determine the extent of the infection inside the insect vary among different plant viruses. In the context of the proposed strategy, plant viruses that are capable of transversing the insect gut-hemocoel barrier and replicating in insect tissues are attractive candidates. Thus, the transmission of such viruses in a persistent and propagative manner is considered as a prerequisite for this strategy to be feasible, a characteristic that is found in viruses from the families Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. In addition, several RNA viruses are known that replicate in both plant and insect tissues via a yet unclarified transmission route. In this review, advances in knowledge of trans-kingdom transmission of plant viruses and future perspectives for their engineering as silencing vectors are thoroughly discussed.A wide range of prokaryotes produce and excrete bacteriocins (proteins with antimicrobial activity) to reduce competition from closely related strains. Application of bacteriocins is of great importance in food industries, while little research has been focused on the agricultural potential of bacteriocins. A number of bacteriocin producing bacteria are members of the phytomicrobiome, and some strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Thuricin 17 is a single small peptide with a molecular weight of 3.162 kDa, a subclass IId bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis NEB17, isolated from soybean nodules. It is either cidal or static to a wide range of prokaryotes. In this way, it removes key competition from the niche space of the producer organism. B. thuringiensis NEB17 was isolated from soybean root nodules, and thus is a member of the phytomicrobiome. Interestingly, thuricin 17 is not active against a wide range of rhizobial strains involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with legumes or against other PGPR. In addition, it stimulates plant growth, particularly in the presence of abiotic stresses. The stresses it assists with include key ones associated with climate change (drought, high temperature, and soil salinity). Hence, in the presence of stress, it increases the size of the overall niche space, within plant roots, for B. thuringiensis NEB17. Through its anti-microbial activity, it could also enhance plant growth via control of specific plant pathogens. None of the isolated bacteriocins have been examined as broadly as thuricin 17 on plant growth promotion. Thus, this review focuses on the effect of thuricin 17 as a microbe to plant signal that assists crop plants in managing stress and making agricultural systems more climate change resilient.[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fpls.2020.00023.].Evidence for the existence of dikaryote-like strains, low nuclear sequence diversity and inter-nuclear recombination in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been recently reported based on single nucleus sequencing data. Here, we aimed to support evidence of inter-nuclear recombination using an approach that filters SNP calls more conservatively, keeping only positions that are exclusively single copy and homozygous, and with at least five reads supporting a given SNP. This methodology recovers hundreds of putative inter-nucleus recombination events across publicly available sequence data from individual nuclei. Challenges related to the acquisition and analysis of sequence data from individual nuclei are highlighted and discussed, and ways to address these issues in future studies are presented.Auxin is transported in plants with distinct polarity, defined by transport proteins of the PIN-formed (PIN) family. Components of the complex trafficking machinery responsible for polar PIN protein localization have been identified by genetic approaches, but severe developmental phenotypes of trafficking mutants complicate dissection of this pathway. We utilized a temperature sensitive allele of Arabidopsis thaliana SCD1 (stomatal cytokinesis defective1) that encodes a RAB-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Auxin transport, lateral root initiation, asymmetric auxin-induced gene expression after gravitropic reorientation, and differential gravitropic growth were reduced in the roots of the scd1-1 mutant relative to wild type at the restrictive temperature of 25°C, but not at the permissive temperature of 18°C. In scd1-1 at 25°C, PIN1- and PIN2-GFP accumulated in endomembrane bodies. Transition of seedlings from 18 to 25°C for as little as 20 min resulted in the accumulation of PIN2-GFP in endomembranes, while gravitropism and root developmental defects were not detected until hours after transition to the non-permissive temperature. The endomembrane compartments that accumulated PIN2-GFP in scd1-1 exhibited FM4-64 signal colocalized with ARA7 and ARA6 fluorescent marker proteins, consistent with PIN2 accumulation in the late or multivesicular endosome. These experiments illustrate the power of using a temperature sensitive mutation in the gene encoding SCD1 to study the trafficking of PIN2 between the endosome and the plasma membrane. Using the conditional feature of this mutation, we show that altered trafficking of PIN2 precedes altered auxin transport and defects in gravitropism and lateral root development in this mutant upon transition to the restrictive temperature.Celiac disease is a gluten-induced hypersensitivity reaction that requires a lifelong gluten-free diet. Gluten-free foods must not contain more than 20 mg/kg gluten as laid down by Codex Alimentarius. Measuring the presence of gluten with routine immunoanalytical methods in food is a serious challenge as many factors affect accurate determination. Comparability of the results obtained with different methods and method validation are hindered by the lack of a widely accepted reference material (RM). The core questions of RM development from wheat are the number of cultivars to be included and the format of gluten (i.e., flour, gluten, or gliadin isolates) to be applied. learn more Therefore, the aim of our work was to produce an appropriate gluten RM from wheat. For this, five previously selected wheat cultivars and their blend were used to produce flours, gluten and gliadin isolates under laboratory conditions. Protein content, protein composition and responses to different ELISA methods were compared and widely evaluated in our study.
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