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The spectrum of male breast disease (MBD) and its relative proportions is not well documented. This study aims to describe the demographics, clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics of the spectrum of MBD managed at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH).

This is a retrospective, descriptive study of all male patients diagnosed with MBD at CMJAH between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018. Patients' data were extracted from the Breast Imaging Department, CMJAH Breast Clinic and the National Health Laboratory Services patients' records. Data collected included patients' demographics, clinical presentation, radiological findings and histopathological diagnosis, where available. The collected data were captured using REDCap™ and were analysed using Statistica 13 and SAS version 9.2.
-value of 0.05 was used for statistical significance.

Of the 269 males imaged, 244 (91%) had a diagnosed breast condition, 90% of which were benign. Gynaecomastia accounted for 85% of all breast disease diagnosed. Patients who presented with benign breast disease were significantly younger than those with malignant breast disease, with a mean age of 45.59 years vs 58.29 years (
= 0.0007). Seventyone per cent of patients had a known HIV status with 39% being HIV positive. There was a significant association between patients with HIV and benign breast disease (
= 0.0129).

Gynaecomastia is the most common MBD seen at CMJAH. There was a significant association between HIV and benign breast disease. This association should be explored further with respect to the direct effects of the virus and to those of the antiretroviral medication.
Gynaecomastia is the most common MBD seen at CMJAH. There was a significant association between HIV and benign breast disease. This association should be explored further with respect to the direct effects of the virus and to those of the antiretroviral medication.
Approximately 25% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) will be diagnosed with CRC liver metastases (CRCLM) during the course of their disease. No data regarding CRCLM presentation, management and survival outcomes has been published from either the private or public health care sectors in South Africa. This study aimed to address this deficit, reporting on a private sector cohort.

A retrospective review of a private health care funder's database from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2015 was performed. ICD-10 diagnosis codes were used to identify CRC and CRCLM. Procedure codes assigned to hospital admissions were used to identify the type of surgical treatment. Chemotherapy was identified by the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system of medicines. Treatment patterns were assessed and five-year overall survival (OS) was calculated. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional-hazards regression was used for between group survival comparisons.

Six hundred and one (601) of 3 412 patients presenting with CRC (17.6%) were diagnosed with CRCLM at presentation or during the follow-up period. Sixty patients with CRCLM (10.0%) underwent resection of the primary CRC and liver resection for metastases, 281 (46.8%) underwent CRC resection only, 180 (30%) received chemotherapy only, and 47 (7.8%) received no treatment. Five-year OS for these groups were 57.3%, 15.6%, 9.8% and 0% respectively.

Five-year OS of the various CRCLM treatment pathways in a South African private sector population compares to results published in international series. However, a smaller proportion of patients with CRCLM underwent liver resection, compared to international studies.
Five-year OS of the various CRCLM treatment pathways in a South African private sector population compares to results published in international series. However, a smaller proportion of patients with CRCLM underwent liver resection, compared to international studies.This corrects the article on p. (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate 224 in vol. 62, PMID 33635012.This corrects the article on p. 923 in vol. 61, PMID 33107235.Research has shown mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN2A to be associated with developmental delays and infantile seizures in patients with early-onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs). Here, we report the case of an infant with a de novo SCN2A mutation with EOEE who had medically refractory seizures that improved with a ketogenic diet (KD) implemented at an age less than 2 months. On the day of his birth, the infant presented with a pattern of convulsions with dozens of episodes per day. An initial video electroencephalogram revealed poor reactivity of background activity, with multiple partial episodes starting from the right temporal region, and abnormal electrical activity in the right hemisphere. The seizures previously were not controlled with successive therapy with phenobarbital, topiramate, and levetiracetam. Genetic testing revealed the presence of a mutation in the SCN2A gene (c.4425C>G, p.Asn1475Lys). The infant's seizures decreased significantly with a combination of KD and medication. The present case exemplifies the potential for personalized genomics in identifying the etiology of an illness. Furthermore, the KD appears to feasible in infants younger than 2 months and might elicit good responses to EOEE associated with SCN2A mutation.The purpose of the current study was to compare prognostic outcomes between patients with high-grade ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs) and those with other low-grade SLCTs. We retrospectively reviewed medical records for 24 patients pathologically diagnosed with SLCTs between 2006 to 2019 at two institutions. The patients were grouped according to pathological grade SLCT was classified as grade 1, well differentiated; grade 2, intermediated differentiated; or grade 3, poorly differentiated (Meyer's classification). Statistical analysis was performed to compare survival outcomes according to pathological grade. The median patient age was 42.5 years (range 16-75). Eighteen patients (75%) were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I, and none were diagnosed in stage IV. Nine patients (37.5%) were grade 3, and 15 patients (63.5%) were grades 1-2. When comparing clinical baseline characteristics of the grade 1-2 group with those of the grade 3 group, only serum CA125 level at diagnosis was significantly higher in the grade 3 group (38.
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