Notes

Upon distinct Lorenz-like attractors.
Patients with chronic kidney disease are at high risk of hyperkalemia that is associated with various life-threatening complications. Treatments primarily rely on orally administered potassium binding agents, along with low curative effects and various side effects. Herein, direct serum potassium uptake was realized via zeolite-heparin-mimicking-polymer hybrid microbeads. The preparation process involved the synthesis of the heparin-mimicking polymer via the in situ cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone in polyethersulfone solution, the fabrication of microbeads via zeolite-mixing, electro-spraying and phase-inversion, and the subsequent aqueous-phase modifications based on ion-exchange and metal-leaching. An ultra-high (about 88%) amount of zeolite could be incorporated and well locked inside the polymer matrix. Potassium uptake capability was verified in water, normal saline and human serum, showing high selectivity and fast adsorption. The microbeads exhibited satisfying blood compatibility, negligible hemolysis ratio, prolonged clotting time, inhibited contact activation, and enhanced antifouling property toward serum proteins and cells. The proposed approach toward zeolite-heparin-mimicking-polymer hybrid microbeads provided a cheap, efficient and safe treatment protocol of hyperkalemia for the high-risk patients.Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an early event of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and considered to be a key pathologic factor in the progression of AD. The targeted delivery of the antioxidants to mitochondria of injured neurons in brain is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. A safe and effective drug delivery system (DDS) which is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target neuronal mitochondria is necessary. Recently, bioactive materials-based DDS has been widely investigated for the treatment of AD. Herein, we developed macrophage (MA) membrane-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by attaching rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) and triphenylphosphine cation (TPP) molecules to the surface of MA membrane (RVG/TPP-MASLNs) for functional antioxidant delivery to neuronal mitochondria. According to the results, MA membranes camouflaged the SLNs from being eliminated by RES-rich organs by inheriting the immunological characteristics of macrophages. The unique properties of the DDS after decoration with RVG29 on the surface was demonstrated by the ability to cross the BBB and the selective targeting to neurons. After entering the neurons in CNS, TPP further lead the DDS to mitochondria driven by electric charge. The Genistein (GS)- encapsulated DDS (RVG/TPP-MASLNs-GS) exhibited the most favorable effects on reliveing AD symptoms in vitro and in vivo by the synergies gained from the combination of MA membranes, RVG29 and TPP. These results demonstrated a promising therapeutic candidate for delaying the progression of AD via neuronal mitochondria-targeted delivery by the designed biomimetic nanosystems.Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of cardiovascular diseases that pose a serious threat to human health. The pathophysiology of MI is complex and contains several sequential phases including blockage of a coronary artery, necrosis of myocardial cells, inflammation, and myocardial fibrosis. Aiming at the treatment of different stages of MI, in this work, an injectable alginate based composite hydrogel is developed to load vascular endothelial active factor (VEGF) and silk fibroin (SF) microspheres containing bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) for releasing VEGF and BMP9 to realize their respective functions. The results of in vitro experiments indicate a rapid initial release of VEGF during the first few days and a relatively slow and sustained release of BMP9 for days, facilitating the formation of blood vessels in the early stage and inhibiting myocardial fibrosis in the long-term stage, respectively. Intramyocardial injection of such composite hydrogel into the infarct border zone of mice MI model via multiple points promotes angiogenesis and reduces the infarction size. Taken together, these results indicate that the dual-release of VEGF and BMP9 from the composite hydrogel results in a collaborative effect on the treatment of MI and improvement of heart function, showing a promising potential for cardiac clinical application.The fate of cells and subsequent bone regeneration is highly correlated with temporospatial coordination of chemical, biological, or physical cues within a local tissue microenvironment. Deeper understanding of how mammalian cells react to local tissue microenvironment is paramount important when designing next generation of biomaterials for tissue engineering. Selleckchem Triton X-114 This study aims to investigate that the regulation of magnesium cationic (Mg2+) tissue microenvironment is able to convince early-stage bone regeneration and its mechanism undergoes intramembranous ossification. It was discovered that moderate Mg2+ content niche (~4.11 mM) led to superior bone regeneration, while Mg2+-free and strong Mg2+ content (~16.44 mM) discouraged cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, thereby bone formation was rarely found. When magnesium ions diffused into free Mg zone from concentrated zone in late time point, new bone formation on free Mg zone became significant through intramembranous ossification. This study successfully demonstrates that magnesium cationic microenvironment serves as an effective biochemical cue and is able to modulate the process of bony tissue regeneration. The knowledge of how a Mg2+ cationic microenvironment intertwines with cells and subsequent bone formation gained from this study may provide a new insight to develop the next generation of tissue-repairing biomaterials.The incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) into poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) matrix serving as bone scaffold is expected to exhibit bioactivity and osteoconductivity to those of the living bone. While too low degradation rate of HAP/PLLA scaffold hinders the activity because the embedded HAP in the PLLA matrix is difficult to contact and exchange ions with body fluid. In this study, biodegradable polymer poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) was blended into the HAP/PLLA scaffold fabricated by laser 3D printing to accelerate the degradation. The results indicated that the incorporation of PGA enhanced the degradation rate of scaffold as indicated by the weight loss increasing from 3.3% to 25.0% after immersion for 28 days, owing to the degradation of high hydrophilic PGA and the subsequent accelerated hydrolysis of PLLA chains. Moreover, a lot of pores produced by the degradation of the scaffold promoted the exposure of HAP from the matrix, which not only activated the deposition of bone like apatite on scaffold but also accelerated apatite growth.
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