Notes

Bony orbital maldevelopment right after enucleation.
Osteoclasts are multinucleated, giant cells derived from myeloid progenitors. While receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation is the primary driver of osteoclast differentiation, additional signaling further contributes to osteoclast maturation. Here, we demonstrate that immunoglobulin superfamily member 11 (IgSF11), whose expression increases during osteoclast differentiation, regulates osteoclast differentiation through interaction with postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), a scaffold protein with multiple protein interaction domains. IgSF11 deficiency in vivo results in impaired osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption but no observed defect in bone formation. Consequently, IgSF11-deficient mice exhibit increased bone mass. Using in vitro osteoclast culture systems, we show that IgSF11 functions through homophilic interactions. Additionally, we demonstrate that impaired osteoclast differentiation in IgSF11-deficient cells is rescued by full-length IgSF11 and that the IgSF11-PSD-95 interaction requires the 75 C-terminal amino acids of IgSF11. Our findings reveal a critical role for IgSF11 during osteoclast differentiation and suggest a role for IgSF11 in a receptor- and signal transduction molecule-containing protein complex. © The Author(s) 2020.There remain unmet clinical needs for safe and effective bone anabolic therapies to treat aging-related osteoporosis and to improve fracture healing in cases of nonunion or delayed union. Wnt signaling has emerged as a promising target pathway for developing novel bone anabolic drugs. Although neutralizing antibodies against the Wnt antagonist sclerostin have been tested, Wnt ligands themselves have not been fully explored as a potential therapy. Previous work has demonstrated Wnt7b as an endogenous ligand upregulated during osteoblast differentiation, and that Wnt7b overexpression potently stimulates bone accrual in the mouse. The earlier studies however did not address whether Wnt7b could promote bone formation when specifically applied to aged or fractured bones. Here we have developed a doxycycline-inducible strategy where Wnt7b is temporally induced in the bones of aged mice or during fracture healing. We report that forced expression of Wnt7b for 1 month starting at 15 months of age greatly stimulated trabecular and endosteal bone formation, resulting in a marked increase in bone mass. We further tested the effect of Wnt7b on bone healing in a murine closed femur fracture model. Induced expression of Wnt7b at the onset of fracture did not affect the initial cartilage formation but promoted mineralization of the subsequent bone callus. Thus, targeted delivery of Wnt7b to aged bones or fracture sites may be explored as a potential therapy. © The Author(s) 2020.Background and Aims Benzodiazepines have been widely used for long periods of time despite their adverse effects. The acute effects on cognition are well established. However, less is known about the long-term effects. This study critically reviewed existing evidence of the association between long-term exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of cognitive decline in adults. Methods A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted. PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched using combinations of keywords related to "benzodiazepines" and "cognitive function" from database inception to 12 February 2018 to identify prospective longitudinal studies. The records were evaluated for relevance according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Fourteen studies involving 2145 long-term benzodiazepine users were included. Meta-analysis was not undertaken because the combined result would not be meaningful as the included studies differed in several key aspects such as frequency and duration of benzodiazelogical limitations prevent definite conclusions. Therefore, future research with prospective studies specially designed would be of great value. Copyright © 2020 Danilo Nader and Linda Gowing.A 9-year-old male castrated mixed-breed dog from the West Indies was presented for multiple, nonpainful, nodular, circumscribed, subcutaneous masses located on the dorsum, lateral thorax, head, forelimbs, and scrotum. En bloc surgical resection of a mass on the right paw, left forehead, and left medial forelimb with proportional margins was performed. Three punch biopsies were taken from the masses located along the right lateral flank. Histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination of the skin lesions revealed a diagnosis of subcutaneous B cell lymphoma. Thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were negative for signs of gross metastatic disease. Chemotherapeutic intervention included intravenous doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administered at 3-week intervals for 3 treatments and oral prednisone (2 mg/kg/d) for 3 weeks. There were no complications following the chemotherapy protocol. As of 3 years, there has been no regrowth of the tumors and the patient continues to be cancer free. To date, this is the first reported case of subcutaneous B cell lymphoma diagnosed in a dog treated successfully with gross tumor resection and chemotherapy. Copyright © 2020 Brittany Cortina et al.Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation, which is endemic in the Mediterranean region. It is often located in the liver and the lungs, whereas brain stem hydatid cysts are extremely rare. We report a case of a five-year-old female who presented with hemiparesis, and after investigations, she was diagnosed with a hydatid cyst in the pons. She also had cysts in her liver and kidney. The cerebral cyst was completely removed without rupture, using gentle water-jet dissection (Dowling's technique). She was feeling well after 4-month follow-up. We emphasize the importance of keeping hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis of pediatric infratentorial cystic lesions. Copyright © 2020 Rahaf Alok and Jaber Mahmoud.A 35-year-old female patient with no previously documented allergies who was admitted for elective gynaecological surgery, developed rapid onset, severe anaphylaxis, with dyspnea and cardiovascular collapse, in the operating theatre after receiving routine IV cefazolin prior to induction of anesthesia. She failed to improve with two doses of intramuscular epinephrine followed by two boluses of intravenous epinephrine, but responded to an epinephrine infusion. She was assessed by Internal Medicine and discharged home the following day. This event demonstrates the speed, severity, and profound hypotension in an allergic reaction from intravenous medication, challenges in managing anaphylaxis, and importance of prompt administration of epinephrine via IM route, followed by IV if necessary, in the OR. The case highlighted the inability to ascertain the causative agent through typical allergy testing. this website Copyright © 2020 Sayed Hafizi et al.
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