Notes

A fresh dihydroflavone along with a fresh polyacetylene glucoside coming from Bidens parviflora.
We evaluated the paper by Maley et al. (2020) in this journal "Infrared cameras overestimate skin temperature during rewarming from cold Exposure" for the evidence provided in support of its title and conclusions. Several methodological issues were identified as well as issues with the data interpretation 1 Only one camera was used but a conclusion was made for 'cameras' in general; 2 The camera accuracy (±2 °C) is too low to do a meaningful comparison without using local reference values or an on-site calibrator with higher accuracy; 3 Thermistor measurements are taken as a gold standard while issues such as temperature gradients and taping are known; 4 Both methods are not compared at the same location and a natural, physiological, gradient may be present between their locations; 5. The impact of the sensor and tape on delays in the change of the underlying tissue temperature is not considered; 6 Only a single pixel was used for the analysis, which has been shown to be problematic. We concluded that the paper by Maley et al. does not provide conclusive evidence that infrared cameras overestimate skin temperature during rewarming from cold exposure.Our aim was to evaluate the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to detect body surface temperature variation of body regions during the proestrus and estrus phases of the reproductive cycle of Gyr heifers and investigate environmental factors that could affect these measurements. Fifty-seven heifers were submitted to an ovulation synchronization protocol. This was followed by monitoring the heifers every 12 h over 60 h. Heifers were monitored for rectal and vaginal temperature using a digital thermometer. The surface temperature of the eye, vulva, and muzzle regions were monitored by IRT. Meteorological data was recorded for temperature and humidity. Observation of sexual behavior was performed to monitor estrus onset. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to identify the dominant follicle and confirm ovulation of all heifers. We observed a decrease in temperature of the rectum and vagina, as well as in the eye and vulva regions within the first 12 h after the completion of the synchronization. This period coincides with the expected proestrus phase of the estrous cycle. RP-6306 A progressive increase in all temperatures was noticed in the following 36 h, which coincides with the estrus phase of the reproductive cycle. The regions evaluated around the vulva and eye exhibited the highest temperature and experienced less environmental distortion than the muzzle area thermographs. Environmental factors, such as rainfall and temperature-humidity index, influenced the IRT readings altering the radiation patterns detected. In conclusion, IRT is an effective method to detect temperature variation during the proestrus and estrus phases in Gyr heifers. Furthermore, biological and environmental effects should be considered when collecting and interpreting IRT data in livestock.Wind is one of the main factors affecting people's outdoor thermal sensation. Ongoing urbanization and urban densification are transforming the urban climate and complicating the pedestrian-level wind environment. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to evaluate the potential wind-cooling effect on human outdoor thermal conditions. Accordingly, the current research attempts determine the best wind directions for thermal comfort at the studied stations and how these factors will be changed under the effects of global warming. Outdoor thermal conditions were modeled based on the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) thermal index using RayMan software for the decades of the 2000s and the 2040s in different climate types of Iran (Csb, BWh, Csa, and BSh) To estimate the potential cooling effect of wind, the PET was calculated (1) under actual wind conditions, and (2) under calm wind (0.05 m/s) conditions. Then, the ΔPET for these two conditions, which indicates the cooling potential effect (CPE) of the wind, was calculated for four representative stations (Ardebil, Bandar Abbas, Gorgan, and Shiraz). In comparison with the 2000s, the results indicated that by the 2040s, the predicted wind cooling potential will have increased in Ardebil, Shiraz, Bandar Abbas and Gorgan (CPE of 13.2 °C, 13.1 °C, 11.2 °C, and 11 °C, respectively). Based on the overall average of two climate change scenarios (A2 and B1) used in this study, the occurrence of "comfortable" conditions by the 2040s will have increased in Bandar Abbas, Shiraz, and Ardebil by 1.1%, 0.4%, and 0.3%, respectively, while it will have decreased in Gorgan by 1.5%. Accounting for the cooling effect of wind, the comfort cooling potential of wind is predicted to rise by an average of 1.6 °C in the 2040s compared with the 2000s in all the studied stations. Therefore, this will affect the microclimates positively and could reduce the urban heat island effects.
This study assessed the influence of High (H, 4.13%), Medium (M, 2.0%) and Low (L, 0.1%) doses of menthol on temperature perception and regulation, compared to a Placebo Condition (P).

Sixteen participants underwent the aforementioned conditions on four separate days. During each test participants rested supine (Environmental conditions 30°C, 50% rh) for 30-min before 40mL of L, M, H or P gel was applied to the anterior upper body, then rested 30-min thereafter. Primary measures included thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), irritation (IRR), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperature (chest, forearm, thigh, calf), and EMG (trapezius, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid). The area under the curve (AUC) from minute 30 to 60 was compared between conditions using relevant non/parametric tests (alpha level=0.05).

A cooling trend in Tre was observed following Placebo gel application, but this significantly (p<0.05) reversed into a heat storage response in M and H. Both TS and TC significantly differed by condition (p<0.001) in a dose-dependent manner, with L, M, and H doses eliciting significantly cooler sensations and more discomfort than P (p<0.05). Irritation significantly differed by condition (p<0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, with L and M eliciting significantly greater irritation than P (p<0.01). No other differences were observed.

Menthol exerts perceptual and thermoregulatory effects independent of skin temperature. A menthol dose-dependent perceptual cooling effect was evident with possible saturation at the moderate dose. A dose-dependent alteration in deep body temperature was also evident.
Menthol exerts perceptual and thermoregulatory effects independent of skin temperature. A menthol dose-dependent perceptual cooling effect was evident with possible saturation at the moderate dose. A dose-dependent alteration in deep body temperature was also evident.
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