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Tremendous efforts have been made to improve the electrochemical performance of the lithium-sulfur batteries. However, challenges remain in achieving fast electronic and ionic transport while accommodate the significant cathode volumetric change. On the other hand, the severe capacity decay mainly attributed to polysulfide shuttle also hampers the practical applications. Here, we report a simple, low-cost, and eco-friendly method for the one-step preparation of a binder-free S-C composite cathode by plasma dissociation of CS2 containing gases at room-temperature. The key issue of polysulfide shuttle effect in Li-S batteries is also effectively resolved just by the introduction of N2 into the precursor gases. The electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of ~600 mAh/g of the total hybrid of S + C at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles with an excellent initial coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. selleck chemicals The cells also demonstrate along cycle life and an extremely high capacity of ~306 mAh/g even after 300 cycles at 1 A/g with a high coulombic efficiency of about 100%. The proposed method will open the way for the plasma applications in facile preparation of Li-S batteries and the improvement of its electrochemical performance.Three-dimensionally (3D) structured Cu nanoparticles (NPs)-embedded graphene hydrogels were synthesized from inexpensive graphite and low-cost copper acetate by a novel self-assembly and in-situ slow-release photoreduction method. The cross-linked microporous 3D reduced graphene oxide framework ensures full contact of the photocatalyst with water and promotes electron transfer. The EDA-reduced Cu-rGH hydrogel with an 11.3% Cu NPs mass ratio exhibits the best hydrogen evolution rate (16.92 mmol·g-1·h-1). This rate is almost 17 times faster than pure Cu NPs. EDA played an important role in both forming a hydrogel as the reducing agent and slowly releasing Cu NPs as a ligand in the process of in-situ photoreduction, allowing small sized and uniformly distributed Cu NPs. Therefore, the number of reaction sites in the composite increases and the recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs in Cu NPs decreases. Under irradiation, the SPR-excited (surface plasmon resonance) hot electrons from Cu NPs quickly transfer through the rGH channel. 3D rGH was found to be a promising substrate for boosting hydrogen production by Cu NPs.Hypothesis Nonionic surfactants alter the wettability of oil-wet carbonate surfaces to a water-wet state. The degree of surfactant adsorption is expected to determine the extent of the wettability alteration. Furthermore, the structure of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic units of the surfactant should affect the degree of adsorption and correlate with the wettability alteration. Experiments The adsorption on Indiana limestone was measured for nonionic surfactants with two different types of hydrophobic units and hydrophilic polyethoxylate units ranging from 15 to 40 mers. Measurements were conducted for several surfactant concentrations and temperatures. Findings Adsorption increased with temperature and for surfactants with fewer hydrophilic groups. The adsorption occurs as micelles rather than individual surfactant molecules. An increase in adsorption is observed for the more hydrophobic surfactants at higher temperature and is attributed to the increase in micelle sizes. Adsorption collapses onto a universal curve as a function of the difference between cloud point of the surfactant and system temperature. At the same time wettability alteration was found to have a direct correlation with surfactant adsorption. These findings are critical for judicious selection of nonionic surfactants for analysis and design of wettability alteration for oil reservoirs.Recently, the application of cheap, easily available biochar (BC) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has received widespread attention. However, it is still a challenge to seek effective modification methods to prepare BC with high catalytic performance. In this study, a novel and environmentally friendly graphitized BC (WGBC) derived from wood chip was prepared, which exhibited excellent performance towards persulfate (PS) activation for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal as compared to original BC. Series characterizations confirmed that such improved catalytic performance was attributed to the well-established graphitic carbon structure and surface functionalized CO group. Free radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments qualitatively demonstrated that SO4·-, ·OH, 1O2 and O2·- were involved in the degradation of SMX, of which 1O2 and O2·- played the dominant roles. Moreover, a non-radical process in the WGBC/PS system was also proposed, in which WGBC worked as an electron transfer bridge for allowing electrons to transfer from SMX to PS to participate in SMX degradation. The WGBC/PS system exhibited a high anti-interference ability to Cl-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and humic acid (HA)-containing environments. This study provides a new idea for designing and constructing environmentally friendly and efficient biochar towards organic pollutants removal.Non-viral gene delivery into the liver generally mediates a transient transgene expression. A comparative analysis was performed using two gene vectors, pFAR4 and pKAR4, which differ by the absence or presence of an antibiotic resistance marker, respectively. Both plasmids carried the same eukaryotic expression cassette composed of a sulfamidase (Sgsh) cDNA expressed from the human alpha antitrypsin liver-specific promoter. Hydrodynamic injection of the pFAR4 construct resulted in prolonged sulfamidase secretion from the liver, whereas delivery of the pKAR4 construct led to a sharp decrease in circulating enzyme. After induction of hepatocyte division, a rapid decline of sulfamidase expression occurred, indicating that the pFAR4 derivative was mostly episomal. Quantification analyses revealed that both plasmids were present at similar copy numbers, whereas Sgsh transcript levels remained high only in mice infused with the pFAR4 construct. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, it was established that the 5' end of the expression cassette carried by pKAR4 exhibited a 7.
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