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There is growing interest in characterizing the neural mechanisms underlying the interactions between attention and memory. Current theories posit that reflective attention to memory representations generally involves a fronto-parietal attentional control network. The present study aimed to test this idea by manipulating how a particular short-term memory (STM) representation is accessed, that is, based on its input sensory modality or semantic category, during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human participants performed a novel variant of the retro-cue paradigm, in which they were presented with both auditory and visual non-verbal stimuli followed by Modality, Semantic, or Uninformative retro-cues. Modality and, to a lesser extent, Semantic retro-cues facilitated response time relative to Uninformative retro-cues. The univariate and multivariate pattern analyses (MVPAs) of fMRI time-series revealed three key findings. First, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), including portions of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and ventral angular gyrus (AG), had activation patterns that spatially overlapped for both modality-based and semantic-based reflective attention. Second, considering both the univariate and multivariate analyses, Semantic retro-cues were associated with a left-lateralized fronto-parietal network. Finally, the experimental design enabled us to examine how dividing attention cross-modally within STM modulates the brain regions involved in reflective attention. This analysis revealed that univariate activation within bilateral portions of the PPC increased when participants simultaneously attended both auditory and visual memory representations. Therefore, prefrontal and parietal regions are flexibly recruited during reflective attention, depending on the representational feature used to selectively access STM representations.Maladaptive stress-related behaviors are integral to multiple complex psychiatric disorders, and it has been well established that serotonergic signaling mediates various aspects of these maladaptive states. In these studies, we sought to uncover the function of a previously undefined serotonergic pathway, which projects from the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) to the ventral hippocampus (vHipp). Intersectional retrograde and chemogenetic viral manipulation strategies were employed to manipulate the function of the IPN-vHipp pathway during a variety of behavioral measures in male mice. We found a significant effect of circuit inhibition on behaviors associated with coping strategies and natural reward. Specifically, inhibition of the IPN-vHipp pathway dramatically increased active stress-induced escape behaviors, in addition to moderately affecting sucrose consumption and food self-administration. During inhibition of this pathway, agonist activation of serotonergic 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the vHipp reversed the effects of IPN-vHipp circuit inhibition on active escape behaviors, thereby supporting the synaptic mechanism underlying the behavioral effects evidenced. IPN-vHipp inhibition did not induce differences in generalized locomotion, anxiety-associated behavior, and intravenous nicotine self-administration. Importantly, these findings are in opposition to the canonical understanding of serotonin in such escape behaviors, indicating that serotonin exerts opposing effects on behavior in a pathway-specific manner in the brain. Taken together, these findings thereby have important implications for our understanding of serotonergic signaling and associated therapeutic approaches for the treatment of disease symptomology.Drug addiction and withdrawal are characterized by sleep disruption, but the effects of sleep disruption on these states are not well characterized. Sleep deprivation (SD) immediately before the cocaine conditioning trials enhanced cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in a dose-dependent manner (3, 8 mg/kg but not 15 mg/kg) in mice. SD immediately before the postconditioning test also enhanced cocaine CPP preference in a dose-dependent manner (8 mg/kg, but not 3, 15 mg/kg). Exposure to orexin-receptor antagonism (1 mg/kg SB 334867, an orexin 1 receptor antagonist; OX1R) just before cocaine-conditioning trials or the postconditioning test attenuated SD-enhanced preference. This suggests a potential therapeutic role for the manipulation of the orexin system to mitigate drug seeking, especially in the context of sleep loss before drug exposure.Pulmonary fibrosis remains a serious biomedical problem with no cure and an urgent need for better therapies. Neuraminidases (NEUs), including NEU1, have been recently implicated in the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis by us and others. We now have tested the ability of a broad-spectrum neuraminidase inhibitor, 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), to modulate the in vivo response to acute intratracheal bleomycin challenge as an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis. Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor A marked alleviation of bleomycin-induced body weight loss and notable declines in accumulation of pulmonary lymphocytes and collagen deposition were observed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of human and mouse lung tissues and primary human lung fibroblast cultures were also performed. A predominant expression and pronounced elevation in the levels of NEU1 mRNA were observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin-challenged mice compared with their corresponding controls, whereas NEU2, NEU3, andmycin models of pulmonary fibrosis reverses pulmonary collagen deposition, accumulation of lymphocytes in the lungs, and the disease-associated loss of body weight-all without observable toxic effects. Such therapy is as efficacious as nonspecific inhibition of all neuraminidases in these models, thus indicating the central role of neuraminidase-1 as well as offering a potential innovative, specifically targeted, and safe approach to treating human patients with a severe malady pulmonary fibrosis.Fertility preservation is an integral component of clinical decision-making and treatment design. However, the selection criteria on imaging for patients eligible for fertility preservation is still unclear. The present review aimed to summarize the main findings reported in both the literature and international guidelines on the role of imaging in the selection of patients for fertility preservation. A search strategy was developed and applied to PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE to identify previous citations reporting imaging and fertility preservation in patients with gynecological cancer. We also retrieved the published guidelines on the eligibility criteria for fertility-sparing treatment of gynecological neoplasms. A description of the internal multidisciplinary guidelines, clinically in use in our institution, is provided with representative clinical cases. The literature review revealed 1291 articles and 18 of these were selected for the analysis. Both ultrasound and MRI represented the primary imaging methods for selecting patients for fertility preservation in cervical and endometrial cancers.
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