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An evaluation on current disposal involving dangerous sewage debris via anaerobic digestive system and also book decomposing.
Mayaro fever is an infection caused by Mayaro virus (MAYV) that stands out among the neglected diseases transmitted by arthropods. Brazil is the country with the highest number of confirmed cases of MAYV infection. However, epidemiological surveillance studies conducted in Brazil are decentralized and focus on small outbreaks and unconfirmed cases. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the general epidemiological profile of MAYV infections in Brazil. Several medical databases (i.e., PUBMED/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) were searched for studies reporting cases of MAYV infections in Brazilian patients. Then, the rate of exposure to MAYV in Brazil was analyzed using RStudio® Software. We identified 37 studies published from 1957 to 2019, containing data of 12,374 patients from 1955 to 2018. The general rate of exposure to MAYV in Brazil was 10% (95% CI; 0.04-0.22), with 1,304 reported cases. The highest incidence of MAYV infection was found in the northern region (13%; 95% CI; 0.05-0.29), with 1,142 cases (88% of all cases). Furthermore, autochthonous MAYV cases have also been reported in the Central West (8%; 95% CI; 0.03-0.18) and Southeast (0.4%; 95% CI; 0.00-0.28). The states with the highest number of cases are Amazonas (490 cases), Pará (276 cases), and Goiás (87 cases). In conclusion, the general rate of exposure to MAYV in Brazil between 1955 and 2018 was considerable, especially in the Legal Amazon, in which 93% of cases were reported.Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is one of the most important of the known viral respiratory and reproductive pathogens of both young and adult cattle. However, BoHV-4 has not been isolated or detected in mainland China prior to this study. In 2019, BoHV-4 strain 512 was isolated from cattle in Heilongjiang Province, China, using MDBK cells, and characterized by PCR, nucleotide sequence analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Two other unknown herpesvirus strains, BL6010 and J4034, which were isolated from cattle in 2009 in China and stored at -70℃, were also propagated in MDBK cells and identified as BoHV-4 by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and glycoprotein B (gB) gene for the three isolates indicated that these three Chinese strains belong to BoHV-4 genotype 1. A preliminary virus neutralization test revealed that 64% of the 70 bovine sera (45/70) collected from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, had anti-BoHV-4 antibodies and that natural BoHV-4 infection occurred in cattle in China. Here, we report for the first time the isolation and molecular characterization of BoHV-4 from cattle in mainland China.This study compared concurrent and separate primary vaccination against equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4, genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and equine influenza A virus, genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. Their vernacular names are equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Infection with these respiratory pathogens is associated with loss of performance, interruption of training schedules, and on occasion, cancellation of equestrian events. Vaccination is highly recommended, and for some activities it is a mandatory requirement of the relevant authority. As there is a dearth of information relating to the impact of concurrent vaccination on the antibody response to EHV and EIV vaccines, they are usually administered separately, often 2 weeks apart. In a previous study of booster vaccination in Thoroughbred racehorses, concurrent vaccination with whole-virus inactivated carbopol-adjuvanted EHV and EIV vaccines did not impact negatively on the antibody response. In this study, investigations were extended to concurrent versus separate primary vaccination of warmblood foals. A field study was conducted to compare the immune response to a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine administered concurrently and 2 weeks apart. No adverse clinical reactions were observed, the pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar for both groups, and there was no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination compromised the humoral response. The results are of relevance to horse owners who wish to decrease veterinary costs, limit handling of young animals, and simplify record keeping by vaccinating concurrently.Desert lakes are unique ecosystems found in oases within desert landscapes. Despite the numerous studies on oases, there are no reports regarding the spatiotemporal distribution and causes of eutrophication in the desert lakes that are located at the edge of the Linze Oasis in northwestern China. In this study, the seasonal shoreline and eutrophication of a desert lake were monitored using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and water sampling during three crop growth stages. The spatial extents of the shoreline and algal blooms and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient were derived through UAV images. The desert lake shoreline declined during the crop growing stage, which exhibited the largest water demand and began to expand after this stage. click here The estimated CDOM absorption coefficient measurements and classified algal bloom area showed seasonal variations that increased from spring to late summer and then decreased in autumn. The first two crop growth stages accounted for most of the water and fertilizer requirements of the entire growth period, which may have contributed to large amounts of groundwater consumption and pollution and resulted in peak eutrophication of the lake in the second growth stage. However, the CDOM absorption coefficient of the third stage was not well correlated with that of the first two stages, suggesting that the lake may be affected by the dual effects of groundwater and precipitation recharge in the third stage. These results indicate that the water quality of desert lakes may be affected by agricultural cultivation. The agricultural demands for water and fertilizer may change the spatiotemporal changes in water quality in the lake, especially in the middle and early stages of crop growth.
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