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Accurate interpretations of neonatal cranial ultrasound (CUS) studies are essential skills for physicians in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in order to properly diagnose and manage brain injury. However, these skills are not formally taught to pediatric and neonatal-perinatal medicine (NPM) trainees in Canada. Therefore, our study describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a new web-based learning (WBL) module that focuses on teaching these skills.

Trainees' needs assessment survey, sent to all NPM and pediatrics trainees (n = 62), concluded that most of them feel uncomfortable with their ability to interpret CUS, highlighting the need for a new educational intervention. The needs assessment informed the development of the WBL module, which we evaluated using questionnaires and pre-and post-testing methods to measure participants' satisfaction, knowledge gain, skills development, and behaviour changes. Only trainees rotating through the NICU over 6 months (n = 23) were invited to partital CUS.
Clinical studies indicate chemotherapy agents used in childhood cancer treatment regimens may impact future fertility. However, effects of individual agents on prepubertal human testis, necessary to identify later risk, have not been determined. The study aimed to investigate the impact of cisplatin, commonly used in childhood cancer, on immature (foetal and prepubertal) human testicular tissues. Comparison was made with carboplatin, which is used as an alternative to cisplatin in order to reduce toxicity in healthy tissues.

We developed an organotypic culture system combined with xenografting to determine the effect of clinically-relevant exposure to platinum-based chemotherapeutics on human testis. Human foetal and prepubertal testicular tissues were cultured and exposed to cisplatin, carboplatin or vehicle for 24 h, followed by 24-240 h in culture or long-term xenografting. SBI-0640756 cell line Survival, proliferation and apoptosis of prepubertal germ stem cell populations (gonocytes and spermatogonia), critical for sperm nstrating platinum-induced loss of all germ cell populations, and similar effects of cisplatin or carboplatin. Furthermore, these experimental approaches can be used to determine the effects of established and novel cancer therapies on the developing testis that will inform fertility counselling and development of strategies to preserve fertility in children with cancer.
This is the first demonstration of direct effects of chemotherapy exposure on germ cell populations in human foetal and prepubertal testis, demonstrating platinum-induced loss of all germ cell populations, and similar effects of cisplatin or carboplatin. Furthermore, these experimental approaches can be used to determine the effects of established and novel cancer therapies on the developing testis that will inform fertility counselling and development of strategies to preserve fertility in children with cancer.There is now good evidence that small group teaching provides a fruitful academic environment, which optimises learning, particularly in the healthcare setting, and especially when compared to lectures. An individual student's understanding of knowledge is increased when they are able to actively compare and build on their own understanding in conjunction with their peers. Small group teaching provides opportunities for learners to work collaboratively, and promotes team-building skills - skills that are essential to work within healthcare settings. The aim of this paper is to provide health professional students and early career health professionals involved in peer and near peer teaching, with an overview of approaches and tips to improve learner engagement when facilitating small groups.
The adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing in anticodons of tRNAs is critical for wobble base-pairing during translation. This modification is produced via deamination on A34 and catalyzed by the adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA (ADAT) enzyme. Eukaryotic ADATs are heterodimers composed of the catalytic subunit ADAT2 and the structural subunit ADAT3, but their molecular assemblies and catalytic mechanisms are largely unclear.

Here, we report a 2.8-Å crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADAT2/3 (ScADAT2/3), revealing its heterodimeric assembly and substrate recognition mechanism. While each subunit clearly contains a domain resembling their prokaryotic homolog TadA, suggesting an evolutionary gene duplication event, they also display accessory domains for additional structural or functional purposes. The N-lobe of ScADAT3 exhibits a positively charged region with a potential role in the recognition and binding of tRNA, supported by our biochemical analysis. Interestingly, ScADAT3 employs its C-terminus to block tRNA's entry into its pseudo-active site and thus inactivates itself for deamination despite the preservation of a zinc-binding site, a mechanism possibly shared only among yeasts.

Combining the structural with biochemical, bioinformatic, and in vivo functional studies, we propose a stepwise model for the pathway of deamination by ADAT2/3. Our work provides insight into the molecular mechanism of the A-to-I editing by the eukaryotic ADAT heterodimer, especially the role of ADAT3 in catalysis.
Combining the structural with biochemical, bioinformatic, and in vivo functional studies, we propose a stepwise model for the pathway of deamination by ADAT2/3. Our work provides insight into the molecular mechanism of the A-to-I editing by the eukaryotic ADAT heterodimer, especially the role of ADAT3 in catalysis.
Zebrafish is a model organism widely used for the understanding of gene function, including the fundamental basis of human disease, enabled by the presence in its genome of a high number of orthologs to human genes. CRISPR/Cas9 and next-generation gene-editing techniques using cytidine deaminase fused with Cas9 nickase provide fast and efficient tools able to induce sequence-specific single base mutations in various organisms and have also been used to generate genetically modified zebrafish for modeling pathogenic mutations. However, the editing efficiency in zebrafish of currently available base editors is lower than other model organisms, frequently inducing indel formation, which limits the applicability of these tools and calls for the search of more accurate and efficient editors.

Here, we generated a new base editor (zAncBE4max) with a length of 5560 bp following a strategy based on the optimization of codon preference in zebrafish. Our new editor effectively created C-to-T base substitution while maintaining a high product purity at multiple target sites.
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