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10 Beautiful Images To Inspire You About Evolution Site
The Academy's Evolution Site

Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those interested in science comprehend the evolution theory and how it is permeated throughout all fields of scientific research.

This site provides a range of sources for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of life. It is a symbol of love and unity in many cultures. It can be used in many practical ways as well, including providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changing environmental conditions.

Early attempts to describe the world of biology were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which rely on sampling of different parts of living organisms, or sequences of small fragments of their DNA, significantly increased the variety that could be included in the tree of life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.

Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular methods enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers like the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.

The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However, there is still much diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only represented in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including many archaea and bacteria that are not isolated and whose diversity is poorly understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a specific area and determine if specific habitats require special protection. The information is useful in a variety of ways, including finding new drugs, fighting diseases and enhancing crops. The information is also incredibly beneficial for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas most likely to contain cryptic species with potentially significant metabolic functions that could be at risk from anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, illustrates the relationships between different groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.

A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits may be analogous, or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their underlying evolutionary path and analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same ancestors. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping referred to as a Clade. Every organism in a group share a characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. 에볼루션 사이트 came from an ancestor who had these eggs. The clades then join to form a phylogenetic branch to determine the organisms with the closest relationship.

Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular data to create a phylogenetic chart that is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. The use of molecular data lets researchers identify the number of species that share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.

The phylogenetic relationships of organisms are influenced by many factors, including phenotypic plasticity a kind of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more similar to a species than another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, this issue can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics that include a mix of analogous and homologous features into the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information will assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from the threat of extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.


Evolutionary Theory

The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its requirements and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits cause changes that could be passed on to offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance--came together to form the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution is triggered by the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which encompasses genetic drift, mutations, gene flow and sexual selection is mathematically described mathematically.

Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. 에볼루션 슬롯 , along with others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution that is defined as change in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in the individual).

Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution increased students' understanding of evolution in a college biology course. For more details about how to teach evolution, see The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a past event; it is an ongoing process. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing environment. The resulting changes are often evident.

But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The main reason is that different traits can confer a different rate of survival and reproduction, and they can be passed down from generation to generation.

In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could be more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of moths sporting black pigmentation in a group may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

Monitoring evolutionary changes in action is easier when a particular species has a rapid generation turnover like bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples of each population have been taken regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.

Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can profoundly alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so, the rate at which it changes. It also shows that evolution takes time--a fact that some people find hard to accept.

Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations in which insecticides are utilized. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The rapid pace of evolution taking place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process will assist you in making better choices about the future of the planet and its inhabitants.

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