Notes

Dwelling Microbial Hydrogels pertaining to Faster Contaminated Injure Healing.
6%-91.6%) and Hungary (NC_011829, 89.8%-91.6%), wherein one of the current study strains clustered with the Czech Republic JX232619 strain in the phylogenetic tree. Further investigation of the role of KobV in health and disease of pygmy hogs is warranted.Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species of microsporidia that infects humans and animals worldwide. However, no information is available on E. bieneusi infection among zoo animals in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Here, we investigated the prevalence of E. bieneusi among animals kept in zoos and the zoonotic potential of the E. bieneusi identified. E. bieneusi was detected only in one African lion (Panthera leo) with diarrhea, using PCR and sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene. A phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS gene showed that the lion isolate was classified into a novel genotype KPL belonging to Group 2. The KPL genotype identified in this study differed from genotype I in 6 nucleotides and from genotype I-like in 3 nucleotides, respectively, indicating that Group 2 has the capacity to infect a wide range of hosts. This is the first report of the presence of E. bieneusi in an African lion housed in a zoo in the ROK. Further investigation is necessary to study E. bieneusi infection among zoo animals in various regions and to determine the transmission route, in order to control E. bieneusi infection.Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) are commonly managed in zoos and conservation programs worldwide, but the current understanding of the occurrence and progression of neoplastic disease in this species is limited by the scarcity of published reports. This study collated documented cases of neoplasia on the basis of gross and histologic evaluation of ante- and postmortem samples. In total, 30 giraffes from 22 institutions across the United States were included. Subspecies was not reported in all cases, but those identified included Masai (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), Rothschild (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), and reticulated subspecies (Giraffe camelopardalis reticulata). Thirteen animals died natural deaths, 15 were euthanized, and 2 were alive at the time of this article. A total of 38 tumors were reported and classified as 18 different diagnoses, including leiomyoma (7), adenoma (4), luteoma (4), lymphoma (4), pheochromocytoma (3), squamous cell carcinoma (3), adenocarcinoma (2), ameloblastic fibroma (1), carcinomatosis of undetermined cell lineage (1), cavernous hemangioma (1), cystic granulosa cell tumor (1), dysgerminoma (1), fibrosarcoma (1), leukemia (1), lipoma (1), pituitary nerve sheath tumor (1), rhabdomyosarcoma (1), and teratoma (1). Multiple concurrent neoplastic lesions were documented in six cases. Mesenchymal tumors (18) were the majority of neoplasms. The most prevalent location, regardless of tumor type, was the female reproductive tract (14). Twenty-four neoplastic lesions were incidental findings at necropsy, whereas eight neoplasms were considered to be the primary cause of death. The findings reported here identify multiple neoplastic lesions in giraffes and could provide insight to the future management of this species.Respiratory depression from isoflurane seems to be greater in birds than in mammals. Isoflurane respiratory anesthetic index (AI) has only been evaluated in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), which indeed showed a lower AI compared to mammals, but the isoflurane AI for other avian species is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the isoflurane AI in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Six adult hens were anesthetized with isoflurane for determination of the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) using the bracketing method. During a second anesthetic event, the isoflurane AI was determined by progressively increasing the expired fraction of isoflurane by 0.5 times MAC until apnea was achieved (ETiso-apnea). The isoflurane AI was considered the ratio between the ETiso-apnea and the MAC. TP-1454 Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were continuously monitored throughout both anesthetic events. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model with Greenhouse-Geisser correction, followed by Tukey's test. The MAC for isoflurane was 1.18% ± 0.09% (mean ± SD). The ETiso-apnea was 3.31% ± 0.34% and the isoflurane AI was 2.80 ± 0.26. In chickens, isoflurane AI is similar to that measured in mammals, which is in contrast with published data in other avian species.Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and the appearance of this disease in humans by computed tomography (CT) has been well described. Contrast-enhanced CT abdominal scans of cheetahs without evidence of hepatic disease (n = 5) were reviewed retrospectively to describe the normal appearance of cheetah livers as an aid to antemortem VOD diagnosis. Despite having no clinical signs, clinical pathology abnormalities, or hepatic biopsy histopathology supportive of VOD, all five cheetahs had at least one VOD consistent finding on CT. The results of this study suggest that given the progressive and potentially subclinical nature of VOD, CT could serve as a noninvasive screening tool and be used to monitor disease progression.The unique reproductive and energetic features of lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi) have been intensively studied in the field and within laboratory settings, but information on their propagation in zoological settings is limited. Based on a survey sent to zoological institutions currently housing reproductively active lesser hedgehog tenrecs in North America, this study reports on husbandry, veterinary practices, and demographics of reproducing lesser hedgehog tenrecs and their offspring. All 14 zoological institutions in the Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec Species Survival Plan who bred tenrecs within the last 12 years responded to the online survey. Provision of a nest box, nesting material, and a diet consisting of a commercial insectivore diet, insects, and produce was found in the majority of institutions, in addition to the practice of separating the breeding male and female before parturition. From the 24 dams representing 39 pregnancies and 158 young included in this study, the median calculated litter size was four young per litter.
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