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BACKGROUND Carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque are well-established imaging markers used to capture different stages of the atherosclerotic disease process. We aimed to quantify to which extent carotid intima-media thickness predicts incidence of first-ever carotid plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two independent reviewers conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Web of Science. To be eligible for inclusion, prospective studies were required to involve participants free of carotid plaque at baseline and report on the association of baseline carotid intima-media thickness with development of first-ever carotid plaque. Study-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were collected and pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified seven relevant prospective studies involving a total of 9341 participants. Individuals were recruited between 1987 and 2012, average age at baseline was 54 years, and 63% were female. Studies reported on 1288 incident first-ever carotid plaques, occurring over an average maximum follow-up of 8.7 years. When individuals in the top fourth of baseline carotid intima-media thickness distribution were compared with those in the bottom fourth, the pooled relative risk for incidence of first-ever carotid plaque was 1.78 (95% confidence interval 1.53-2.07, P less then .001, I2 = 2.8%). The strength of association was not modified by mean baseline age, proportion of female participants, length of follow-up, year of baseline, and geographical location of the studies. CONCLUSIONS In general population studies, elevated baseline carotid intima-media thickness is associated with incidence of carotid plaque in individuals free of carotid plaque at baseline. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.Grey mullets are remarkably characterized by their overall uniform external morphology. Identifying species as well as positioning the Mugiliformes in a phylogenetic context is rather difficult. Most recently they were placed in the newly erected Ovalentaria, but more detailed relationships to potential sister taxa were not resolved. Studying the internal morphology, especially the osteology, might provide new insights into the evolution of the Mugiliformes as well as help clarify their phylogenetic position within the Ovalentaria. A detailed osteology of the golden grey mullet Liza aurata is presented. The use of cleared and stained specimens allowed for a complete examination of bony and cartilaginous structures, and a 3D reconstruction from a μCT data set provided additional information on the positional relationships of the bones. Following this, the data obtained were compared with different mugilid species, particularly with the flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus. Several differences between these species could be identified, such as the position of the basisphenoid, the shape of the hyomandibular and the composition of the branchial arches. These characters might help in understanding the evolutionary changes happening within the mugiliforms and will provide the basis to study this taxon in detail, finally allowing the reconstruction of the body plan of grey mullets. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.Best known as a 'love them or hate them' luxury food, or for their pearls, oysters are also ecosystem engineers, forming vast oyster reefs. Oyster reefs provide habitat for a myriad of species, and support fisheries, improve water quality and provide coastal protection. These services are estimated to be worth US$5500-$99,000 per hectare per year (Grabowski et al. 2012). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This paper describes the impacts of the M5.8(5.1) Gyeongju earthquakes on groundwater levels using data obtained from a unique coastal monitoring well. The monitoring strategy integrates conventional water level monitoring with periodic, continuous measurements of temperature and electrical conductivity (EC) within the water column of the well. selleck kinase inhibitor Another important component of the monitoring system is a new instrument, the InterfacEGG, which is capable of dynamically tracking the freshwater-saltwater interface. Although the system was set up to monitor seawater intrusion related to over-pumping, as well as rainfall and tidal effects, it recorded impacts associated with a large earthquake and aftershocks approximately 241 km away. Seismic energies associated with the M5.8(5.1) Gyeongju earthquakes induced groundwater flows to the monitoring well through fractures and joints in the crystalline basement rocks. Temperature and EC logging data showed that the EC vertical profile declined from an average of approximately 5300 to 4800 μS/cm following the earthquakes. The temperature profile showed a trend toward lower temperatures as the depth increased, a feature not commonly observed in previous studies. Data from the InterfacEGG suggested that the rise in EC was not due to the saltwater intrusion, but from the tendency for brackish water entering the borehole to induce convective mixing at deeper depths as the seismic waves travel through the well-aquifer system. The increase in groundwater levels was caused by pulse of colder, less brackish water flowing into the well because of the earthquake. This behavior reflects an enhancement in rock permeability by removing precipitates and colloidal particles from clogged fractures, which improve the hydraulic connection with a nearby unit with a higher hydraulic head. This study suggests there is value added with a more aggressive monitoring strategy. © 2020 The Authors. Groundwater published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of National Ground Water Association.BACKGROUND Cryotherapy and immunotherapeutic modalities elicit nonspecific immune response against the human papillomavirus. There is a paucity of literature on the effects of a sequential shift to immunotherapy in cryotherapy-resistant warts. AIM To study the efficacy of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in cryotherapy-resistant warts. METHODS Patients with cryotherapy-recalcitrant cutaneous warts were given intralesional injections of PPD into the index warts (oldest or largest) at 2-week intervals until complete clearance or up to a maximum of six injections. The response in the treated index and distant warts was defined as complete, partial, and no response ( less then 25%). Complete responders were followed up for another 3 months to check for recurrence. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients completed the study protocol. Of the eight patients with single warts, four (50%), one (12.5%), and three (37.5%) patients had complete, partial, and no response, respectively. Of the 20 patients with multiple warts, nine (45%) had complete clearance of all warts, two (10%) each had complete and partial response in the index wart, respectively, with no response of the distant warts, and seven (35%) had no response in all warts.
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