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Dysfunction of 3CLpro protease self-association by short proteins being a possible approach to wide variety coronavirus inhibitors.
Microscopic foreign objects are sometimes found in gastrointestinal (GI) tract specimens. Some signify important diagnostic findings, such as parasitic or bacterial organisms and some medication resins. Partially digested fruits and vegetables can also be present, and some have been described in the literature as potential mimickers of clinically important findings. While animal protein appears as skeletal muscle on histologic examination, fruits and vegetables can show a wide variation under the microscope. To our knowledge, a thorough histologic examination of commonly eaten fruits and vegetables has not been published in the pathology literature. Herein, we present key morphologic features of fruits and vegetables that might be found in GI specimens, emphasizing potential mimics of significant pathologic findings.The expression patterns of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) and their clinicopathological implications were investigated in peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) including angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) and PTCL-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). PTCL-NOS was further classified into nodal PTCL with follicular helper T cell (Tfh) phenotype ("PTCL-Tfh_new") and "PTCL-NOS_new". PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and reactive immune cells was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (PD-1T and PD-L1T, respectively) was interpreted as positive when more than 5% of tumor cells expressed PD-1 or PD-L1. For PD-1 and PD-L1 on tumor cells and/or reactive immune cells (PD-1T + IC and PD-L1T + IC, respectively), a cutoff of 10% of cells was used. PD-1T, PD-L1T, and PD-L1T + IC expressions tended to be higher in AITLs than in PTCLs-NOS. PD-1T, PD-1T + IC, PD-L1T, and PD-L1T + IC expressions tended to be higher in PTCLs with Tfh phenotype including AITLs and "PTCL-Tfh_new" than in PTCLs without Tfh phenotype. GKT137831 molecular weight The serum LDH level was significantly elevated in patients with PTCL positive for PD-L1T (P = 0.006) and PD-L1T + IC (P  less then  0.001). Patients with PTCL who were positive for combined expression of PD-1T/PD-L1T + IC presented at older ages (P = 0.010), nodal diseases (P = 0.001), higher IPI (P = 0.060), and elevated LDH (P = 0.030). Combined PD-1T/PD-L1T + IC positivity was related to shorter overall survival in patients with AITL (P = 0.051). Combined PD-1T/PD-L1T + IC positivity was a significant poor prognostic factor in patients with stage IV AITL, independent of B symptoms and performance status (HR = 6.282 [CI, 1.655-23.844], P = 0.007). In summary, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could be a potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for PTCL.OBJECTIVE Obese individuals have shown functional abnormalities in frontal-limbic regions, and bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. The aim of the study was to investigate how bariatric surgery modulates brain regional activation and functional connectivity (FC) to food cues, and whether the underlying structural connectivity (SC) alterations contribute to these functional changes as well as behavioral changes. METHODS A functional magnetic resonance imaging cue-reactivity task with high- (HiCal) and low-calorie (LoCal) food pictures and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with deterministic tractography were used to investigate brain reactivity, FC and SC in 28 obese participants tested before and 1 month after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Twenty-two obese controls (Ctr) without surgery were also tested at baseline and 1 month later. RESULTS LSG significantly decreased right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation to HiCal versus LoCal cues and increased FC between DLPFC and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), which are regions involved in self-regulation of feeding behaviors. LSG also increased SC between DLPFC and ACC as quantified by fractional anisotropy. Increases in SC and FC between DLPFC and ACC were associated with greater reductions in BMI, and SC changes were positively correlated with FC changes. Increased SC between right DLPFC and ACC mediated the relationship between reduced BMI and increased right DLPFC-vACC FC; likewise, increases in right DLPFC-vACC FC mediated the relationship between increased right DLPFC-ACC SC and reduced BMI. CONCLUSION LSG might induce weight loss in part by increasing SC and FC between DLPFC and ACC, and thus strengthening top-down control over food intake.BACKGROUND To differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer disease (AD) using a single imaging modality is challenging, because of their common hypometabolic findings. Scaled subprofile modeling/principal component analysis (SSM/PCA), an unsupervised artificial intelligence, has the potential to offer an alternative to image analysis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to produce spatial metabolic profiles to discriminate DLB from AD and to identify the characteristics of the profiles. METHODS Fifty individuals each with DLB, AD, and normal cognition (NL) underwent 18F-FDG-PET and MRI. The spatial metabolic profile to differentiate DLB from AD (DLB-AD discrimination profile) was determined using SSM/PCA with tenfold cross validation. For comparison, we also produced disease-related profiles that can discriminate AD and DLB from NL (AD- and DLB-related profiles, respectively). RESULTS The DLB-AD discrimination profile significantly differentiated DLB from AD with comparable accuracy to that of discriminating DLB and AD from NL. The AD- and DLB-related profiles comprised metabolic imaging features typical of each pathology. In contrast, the DLB-AD discrimination profile emphasized preservation in the posterior cingulate cortex (cingulate island sign) and medial temporal lobe, and occipital hypometabolism. Common hypometabolic findings between DLB and AD were less noticeable in the profile. The DLB-related profile significantly correlated with cognitive function and three core features of DLB, whereas the DLB-AD discrimination profile did not. CONCLUSIONS Spatial metabolic profile that could discriminate DLB from AD emphasized different imaging features and eliminated common findings between DLB and AD. Neither cognitive function nor core features were associated with the profile.
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