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Side to side Epicondylitis and Cigarette Utilize: A new Case-Control Study.
In this study, the highest mutation rates were detected in the
and
genes. These genes have not previously been associated with biliary atresia.
In this study, the highest mutation rates were detected in the PRIM2 and MAP2K3 genes. These genes have not previously been associated with biliary atresia.
To evaluate the efficacy of sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in improving hepatic fibrosis and steatosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE and included any clinical trials involving patients with NAFLD and T2DM aged ≥ 18 years comparing efficacy of SGLT2i and other antidiabetic drugs in improving fibrosis and steatosis, irrespective of publication status, year of publication, and language.

Five clinical trials were included. One study reported significant improvements in the controlled attenuation parameter 314.6 ±61.0 dB/m to 290.3 ±72.7 dB/m (
= 0.04) in the SGLT2i group measured by transient elastography. In patients with significant fibrosis, dapagliflozin treatment significantly decreased the liver stiffness measurement from 14.7 ±5.7 kPa at baseline to 11.0 ±7.3 kPa after 24 weeks (
= 0.02). One study reported a significant decrease in liver fat content 16.2% to 11.3% (
< 0.001) in the SGLT2i group compared to the control (
< 0.001). Three studies reported significant improvement in the liver-to-spleen ratio in the SGLT2i group after treatment 0.96 (0.86-1.07) to 1.07 (0.98-1.14),
< 0.01, 0.80 ±0.24 to 1.00 ±0.18,
< 0.001, and 0.91 (0.64-1.04) to 1.03 (0.80-1.20),
< 0.001 respectively. All studies reported a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase with SGLT2i.

SGLT2i is associated with positive effects on hepatic steatosis measured by non-invasive modalities. Further studies are needed to confirm the impact of SGLT2i on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis.
SGLT2i is associated with positive effects on hepatic steatosis measured by non-invasive modalities. Further studies are needed to confirm the impact of SGLT2i on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major health problems worldwide. selleck chemicals Use of non-invasive tests for assessment of hepatic fibrosis such as the FIB-4 index could be used to avoid liver biopsy. Another promising noninvasive test, FIB-5, could also be used to detect significant hepatic fibrosis. The aim of the study was to compare the use of FIB-5 and FIB-4 as noninvasive markers to assess chronic HBV-related hepatic fibrosis.

This study was done on 176 chronic HBV patients who underwent liver biopsy. Grading and staging of liver fibrosis was done according to the METAVIR scoring system. FIB-5 and FIB-4 scores were calculated for all patients.

As regards FIB-4 for differentiation between non-significant fibrosis (group I) and significant fibrosis (group II), at a cutoff level of 1.28 with positive predictive value (PPV) 41.4% and specificity 48% while at a cutoff level of 7.08 with PPV 98.8% and specificity 98% for FIB-5.

As regards both scores, the FIB-5 score was more specific than FIB-4 for diagnosing significant from nonsignificant hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection.
As regards both scores, the FIB-5 score was more specific than FIB-4 for diagnosing significant from nonsignificant hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Hepatic changes have been described during the refeeding syndrome due to increase in enzymes and hepatomegaly; however, they have not been properly described. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the hepatic histological characteristics and biochemical markers of hepatic steatosis in Wistar rats with refeeding syndrome.

Thirty male Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups C, F or R. The animals from group C received an AIN-93 diet for 96 hours, and were then sacrificed. Animals allocated to group F were fasted for 48 hours and sacrificed. Animals from group R were also fasted for 48 hours, but were refed for another 48 hours, with AIN-93. The liver, blood and epididymal and retroperitoneal fats were collected.

Data obtained in groups F and R show the changes observed in refeeding syndrome, during starvation and refeeding. The serum glucose, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus, in group F, decreased. There was no evidence of hepatic steatosis. Hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia were also observed in group R, confirming refeeding syndrome. The main histological characteristic, in this group, was the extensive presence of ballooning degeneration. This is the first article that has detected such change in liver structure, due to refeeding syndrome. The possible causes are retention of sodium, causing whole body edema; and/or dysfunction of the sodium/potassium pump of the hepatocytes, as a result of hypophosphatemia.

This is the first description of an animal model of hepatic severe ballooning degeneration induced due to refeeding syndrome.
This is the first description of an animal model of hepatic severe ballooning degeneration induced due to refeeding syndrome.
To define the threats and epidemiological differences between outbreaks of hepatitis A (HA) in adults and children, and to assess the efficiency of implemented prophylaxis. We also present a summary of treatment and sick leave costs as compared to the predicted money-load in the case of properly initiated prophylaxis in hepatitis A virus (HAV)-exposed persons.

The cause of two outbreaks was contamination related to food mishandling by a person infected with HAV. Especially health-threatening was exposure to the infection of 137 pre-school children. A second outbreak caused by the same source was observed among 25 exposed adults. On the basis of medical documentation we determined costs related to hospitalization and sickness leave absence at work, comparing it with money load related to implementation of required prophylaxis in both groups of people exposed to risk of HAV infection.

As a consequence of exposure in the kindergarten area, an infection was confirmed in 32 patients from the first and subsequent generations and 7 cases were observed in the second outbreak.
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