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Epidemiology and treatments for asthma along with atopic eczema throughout Sub-Saharan Cameras.
The Rhizoma of Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been widely and empirically used for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. In this study, a polysaccharide from the Rhizoma of Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz., designated as RAMP2, with an absolute molecular weight of 4.354 × 103 Da was isolated and found to be composed of mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose. The NMR results displayed that →3-β-glcp-(1→, →3,6-β-glcp-(1→, →6-β-glcp-(1→, T-β-glcp-(1→, →4-α-galpA-(1→, →4-α-galpA-6-OMe-(1→, →5-α-araf-(1→, →4,6-β-manp-(1→ and →4-β-galp-(1→ were the main linkages in RAMP2. TEM and SEM results indicated that RAMP2 was globular in structure. Furthermore, in vitro experiments on murine CD4+ T cells revealed that RAMP2 could increase the percentage of Treg cells, up-regulate Foxp3, IL-10 and IL-2 mRNA expressions and the secretion of IL-10 and IL-2. RAMP2 was further shown to increase STAT5 phosphorylation levels in Treg cells, suggesting that RAMP2 increased the number of Treg cells through IL-2/STAT5 pathway.With growing interest in polymers of natural origin, innumerable polysaccharides have gained attention for their biomedical application. Pullulan, one of the FDA approved nutraceuticals, possesses multiple unique properties which make them highly advantageous for biomedical applications. This present review encompasses the sources, production, properties and applications of pullulan. It highlights various pullulan based stimuli-responsive systems (temperature, pH, ultrasound, magnetic), subcellular targeted systems (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus/endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, endosome), lipid-vesicular systems (solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes), polymeric nanofibres, micelles, inorganic (SPIONs, gold and silver nanoparticles), carbon-based nanoplatforms (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds) and quantum dots. This article also gives insight into different biomedical, therapeutic and diagnostic applications of pullulan viz., imaging, tumor targeting, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, vaccine delivery, cosmetic applications, protein delivery, tissue engineering, photodynamic therapy and chaperone-like activities. The review also includes the toxicological profile of pullulan which is helpful for the development of suitable delivery systems for clinical applications.Hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from bovine bones garnered wider interest as a bone substitute due to their abundant availability as meat wastes and similarities in morphology and mineral composition to human bone. In our previous work, we developed an easy and reproducible method to prepare xenograft HA scaffolds from NZ bovine cancellous bones (BHA). However, the processing methodology rendered the material mechanically weak. The present study investigated the infiltration of chitosan (CS) into the bovine HA scaffolds (CSHA) to improve the mechanical properties of BHA. The presence of characteristic functional groups of HA and CS as detected by infrared spectroscopy confirmed the infiltration of CS into the BHA scaffolds. X-ray Diffraction study confirmed the presence of the hydroxyapatite phase in both BHA and CSHA scaffolds. SEM and μCT analyses showed the CSHA scaffolds presented adequate porosity and an interconnected porous architecture required for cell migration and attachment. CSHA scaffolds presented good thermal, chemical and structural stability while demonstrating sustained biodegradability in simulated body fluid. CSHA scaffolds presented mechanical properties significantly higher than the BHA scaffolds. CSHA scaffolds were biocompatible with Saos-2 osteoblast cells and supported cell proliferation significantly better than the BHA scaffolds indicating their potential in bone tissue engineering.Conceivably the imperative reason for the absence of appropriate treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the late onset of clinical symptoms followed by late treatment. Specific biomarkers play a vital role in this area. CP673451 The amyloid-beta peptide, tau protein and micRNA, are the most important biomarker associated in AD. There are many routine methods for identifying these biomarkers which molecular based methods with a high accuracy and sensitivity have been considered. These methods have some limitations such as; false positive and negative results, problem on the interpretation, complexity and time-consuming, high cost instruments and etc. To overcome these limitations, bioassays were developed extensively. There exist a multitude of possible applications for Alzheimer's disease biomarkers by using biosensors. This review mainly focuses on major biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, routine and old methods in identifying biomarkers of AD and their advantages and limitation, and biosensors to the identification of amyloid beta, tau protein and micRNAs biomarkers. Furthermore, evaluation the strengths and weaknesses of the developed bioassays and introduce leading challenges are considered in this review.The immunoregulatory effect and immunologic response mechanism of Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. polysaccharide (CCP) with a triple-helix structure on peritoneal macrophages was investigated in vitro for the first time. These studies demonstrated that treatment of peritoneal macrophages with 80 μg/mL CCP for 48 h significantly strengthened their phagocytic function as well as increases the activities of lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP) and succinodehydrogenase (SDH) when compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, Western Blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays demonstrated that 80 μg/mL CCP activated macrophages, significantly increased mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-α and TNF-α) and upregulated the protein expression of cell membrane receptor TLR4, as well as its downstream protein kinase products (MyD88, TAK1, P-IKKα/β and P-MEK) through activation of the TLR4-NFκB pathway in peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, these results showed that the immunomodulatory mechanism of CCP in peritoneal macrophages was associated with the release of NO, related enzymes and cytokines by stimulating the NF-κB p50 pathway via TLR4-MyD88-TAK1 signaling.
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