Notes

Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation involving Triple Mix Arrangements in the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
68) (p=0.014 and 0.026). In eyes with advanced glaucoma PSV OA and PSV CRA were significantly lower than in eyes with preperimetric glaucoma (32.5 vs. 40.7 cm/s p=0.034 and 8.25 vs. 9.7 cm/s p=0.022, respectively). Positive, variable correlations were found between RNFL and EDV of all measured arteries (0.21<R<0.50, p<0,05).

Statistically significant alterations in the Doppler parameters of retrobulbar arteries in association with thinning of the RNFL were observed in patients with glaucoma along with a greater severity of optic neuropathy.
Statistically significant alterations in the Doppler parameters of retrobulbar arteries in association with thinning of the RNFL were observed in patients with glaucoma along with a greater severity of optic neuropathy.
A prototype application has been developed that is adapting modern augmented reality technology to support learning in ultrasound skills-labs or at home. The application enables students to get in real-time an orientation and information about the knobs on an equipment´s control panel that is available in the lab.

The Augmented reality (AR) application for smartphones or tablets was created in Unity (San Francisco) with the software development kit Vuforia (Vuforia PTC Inc., Zurich) to support students with their own devices to learn the knobology of an ultrasound equipment. An interface was modelled, which is superimposed on the live camera image and provides information about the displayed knobs and sliders on the control panel.

The smartphone or tablet app is able to detect the specific ultrasound equipment in real in the skills-lab, as well as from a hardcopy photo or displayed by a monitor and to provide further detailed information. The application can be used therefore as preparation of a practical course or for orientation within the lab at the equipment.

The flexibility of the app is optimal for students to become familiar with the equipment before they are having their skills-lab lecture and might help to reduce time for introduction to orientation at the equipment´s console.
The flexibility of the app is optimal for students to become familiar with the equipment before they are having their skills-lab lecture and might help to reduce time for introduction to orientation at the equipment´s console.Ultrasound (US) is an ideal diagnostic tool for paediatric patients owning to its high spatial and temporal resolution, realtime imaging, and lack of ionizing radiation and bedside availability. The lack of superficial adipose tissue and favourable acoustic windows in children makes US the first line of investigation for evaluation of pleural and chest wall abnormalities.In the first part of the topic the technical requirements were explained and the use of ultrasound in the lung and pleura in paediatric patients were discussed. In the second part lung parenchymal diseases with their subpleural consolidations are reflected. GI254023X In the third part, the use of ultrasound for chest wall, mediastinum, diaphragmatic diseases, trachea, interventions and artifacts in paediatric patients are summarized.Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) is a very rare and unique form of gestational trophoblastic tumour, representing about 1-2% of all gestational trophoblastic tumours. Usually, the pattern is a slow growing nodule implicating the endometrium and myometrium, accompanied by abnormal uterine bleeding. Three ultrasound types of PSTT are described, but thereis no specific characteristic for diagnosis. We present the case of a patient with an atypical placental site trophoblastic tumour diagnosed two months after a caesarean scar pregnancy. In the presented case there are several particularities, such as the rapid growth and progression of the tumour, the limitation to the myometrium and the difficulty of the differential diagnosis and approach.
Ultrasound guidance has led to marked improvement in the success rate and characteristics of peripheral nerveblocks. However, effects of varying the volume or concentration of a fixed local anaesthetic dose on nerve block remains unclear.The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether at a fixed dose of lidocaine, altering the volume and concentration willhave any effect on the onset time of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block.

Twenty patientswere randomised to receive an ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block with either lidocaine 2% with epinephrine (20ml, Group 2%) or lidocaine 1% with epinephrine (40 ml, Group 1%). The primary endpoint was block onset time. Secondaryoutcomes included duration of the block, performance time, number of needle passes, incidence of paraesthesia and vascularpuncture.

The median [IQR] onset time of surgical anaesthesia was shorter in Group 1% when compared to Group2% (6.25 [5-7.5] min vs 8.75 [7.5-10] min; p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall duration of surgical anaesthesia was significantlyshorter in Group 1% compared to Group 2% (150.9±17.2 min vs 165.1±5.9 min; p=0.02). Group 1% had a shorter performancetime with fewer needle passes. The incidence of vascular puncture and paraesthesia was similar in the two groups.

Ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blocks performed using a higher volume of lower concentration lidocainewas associated with shorter onset time and duration of surgical anaesthesia.
Ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blocks performed using a higher volume of lower concentration lidocaine was associated with shorter onset time and duration of surgical anaesthesia.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) appears to be a promising application for the diagnosis of parotid glandtumours. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse the ability of CEUS in distinguishing benign from malignantparotid gland tumours.

PubMed was searched for relevant studies. Data on area under time intensitycurve (AUC) in arbitrary unit (AU), and mean transit time (MTT) in seconds (sec) were analysed using the Cochrane ReviewManager Software.

Nine studies met the eligibility criteria comprising a total number of 498 parotid gland tumours(benign, number (n)=423; malignant, n=75). Descriptive evaluation of parotid gland tumours following CEUS administrationshowed overlap characteristics in benign and malignancies. Two publications assessed AUC and MTT in 72 and 60 parotidgland tumours, respectively. AUC was significantly lower in benign compared to malignant tumours following contrast administration(AUC, mean difference (MD) -266.77 AU, 95% confidence intervals (CI) -433.22, -100.33, p=0.002).
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