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Cloning and molecular ontogeny of digestive enzymes in fed and food-deprived establishing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) caterpillar.
INTRODUCTION Feedback can enhance learning and is thought to be highly valued by students; however, it is not clear from the literature how dental students actually use feedback. AIM This study aimed to explore how dental students use feedback in a variety of contexts. METHODS Qualitative methods involving audio-recorded focus groups were used to explore the use of feedback by undergraduate dental students studying at three UK dental schools. A purposive sampling strategy was used to ensure diverse representation across the undergraduate dental programmes in each of the schools. RESULTS Six focus groups, involving a total of 72 students, were undertaken. Thematic analysis identified five main themes relating to the use of feedback value, future applicability, accessibility, variability and understanding. The inter-connectivity and interaction of the themes (along with their subthemes) were used to develop a model for optimising feedback with the aim of enhancing its potential use by students. CONCLUSION The use of feedback by students would appear to be strongly influenced by several factors. Understanding these factors and how they interlink may be helpful to education providers who are seeking to optimise their feedback processes. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Dental Education published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Cleaning is associated with an increased risk of asthma symptoms, but few studies have measured functional characteristics of airway disease in cleaners. AIMS To assess and characterise respiratory symptoms and lung function in professional cleaners, and determine potential risk factors for adverse respiratory outcomes. METHODS Symptoms, pre/post-bronchodilator lung function, atopy, and cleaning exposures were assessed in 425 cleaners and 281 reference workers in Wellington, New Zealand between 2008-2010. RESULTS Cleaners had an increased risk of current asthma (past 12 months), defined as woken by shortness of breath, asthma attack, or asthma medication (OR=1.83, 95%CI=1.18-2.85). Despite this, they had similar rates of current wheezing (OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.65-1.32) and were less likely to have a doctor diagnosis of asthma ever (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.42-0.92). Cleaners overall had lower lung function (FEV1 , FVC; p3 vs ≤3 times/year) and reduced bronchodilator response (6% vs 9% mean FEV1 -%-predicted change, p less then 0.05) compared to asthma in reference workers. Cleaning of cafes/restaurants/kitchens and using upholstery sprays or liquid multi-use cleaner was associated with symptoms, whilst several exposures were also associated with lung function deficits (p less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cleaners are at risk of some asthma-associated symptoms and reduced lung function. However, as it was not strongly associated with wheeze and atopy, and airway obstruction was less reversible, asthma in some cleaners may represent a distinct phenotype. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Structural modulation endows electrochemical hybrids with promising energy storage properties owing to their adjustable interfacial and/or electronic characteristics. For MXene-based materials, however, the facile but effective strategies for tuning their structural properties at nanoscale are still lacking. Herein, 3D crumpled S-functionalized Ti3 C2 Tx substrate is rationally integrated with Fe3 O4 /FeS heterostructures via coprecipitation and subsequent partial sulfurization to induce a highly active and stable electrode architecture. The unique heterostructures with tuned electronic properties can induce improved kinetics and structural stability. The surface engineering by S terminations on the MXene further unlocks extra (pseudo)capacitive lithium storage. Serving as anode for lithium storage, the optimized electrode delivers an excellent long-term cycling stability (913.9 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1 ) and superior rate capability (490.4 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 ). Moreover, the (de)lithiation pathways associated with energy storage mechanisms are further revealed by operando X-ray diffraction, in situ electroanalytical techniques, and first-principles calculations. The hybrid electrode is proved to undergo stepwise phase transformations during discharging but a relatively uniform reconversion during charging, suggesting an asymmetric conversion mechanism. This work provides a novel strategy for designing high-performance hybrids and paves the way for in-depth understanding of complex lithium intercalation and conversion reactions. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.AIM Extremely premature babies are at risk of osteopenia of prematurity (OOP) as bone mineralisation in utero increases exponentially after 24 weeks gestation. Our aim was to assess the bone health of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We wanted to establish the incidences of OOP and rib fracture. We also looked at which biochemical markers best predicted OOP. Bone health in this vulnerable population is an important aspect of management which should not be overlooked. METHODS This was an observational study which included all VLBW infants, born in a national maternity hospital, over a 5-year period. All X-rays performed on these infants were reviewed. Data were also collected on biochemical markers associated with bone health. The medical records of infants with rib fractures were reviewed looking for causes of bone fragility. 10074-G5 ic50 RESULTS Of the 609 VLBW infants included in the study, only two cases of definitive rib fractures were found. This represents a rib fracture incidence of 3 per 1000. Thirty-nine percent of VLBW babies showed radiological evidence suggestive of OOP. CONCLUSION Our findings show a lower rate of rib fracture in preterm infants compared to previous evidence. We also showed that these fractures were not evident on the final X-ray prior to discharge. This implies that when an ex-preterm infant presents to the emergency department with a rib fracture there should be an even higher suspicion for non-accidental injury than previously thought. © 2020 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).
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