Notes

TFEB Signalling-Related MicroRNAs as well as Autophagy.
Urmia Lake is the largest lake in the Middle East which has greatly decreased in recent years. It has had a great impact on the environmental properties of areas around the lake. This study aimed to identify the relationship among dust storms in the eastern part of Urmia Lake and the surrounding vegetation due to the annual and long-term variability of this water zone during the statistical period 1999-2019. Normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), and Dust Storm Index (DSI) were used due to trend and correlation analysis models and T-student analysis. The study results found that, first, the decreasing trend of Urmia Lake, directly and significantly, has led to an increase in dust concentration (AOD) in the lake's eastern part. On the other hand, changes in the water level of Lake Urmia have led to a general decreasing trend in vegetation in the region which led to an increase in the frequency of DSI in the region. The model developed showed that changes in the water zone of Urmia Lake as a very powerful driver leads to an increase in the intensity and frequency of dust storms in the eastern part of the lake and intensifies the dust conditions in the region. The synergistic resultant of these two drivers was maximized in years when both lake area and vegetation were at a minimum at the same time (2011-2016). The estimated scenario of this model is that if the decreasing trend of Urmia Lake intensifies in the study area, more frequent and severe dust storms will occur in the region.Physical evaluation of active soil layer can be a suitable indicator for detecting climate change trends, especially the temporal study of soil and air temperatures. Using the singular spectrum analysis (SSA), trends, oscillatory components, and the degree of the coincidence of the soil temperature (ST) versus air temperature (AT) and precipitation (Prc) time series were investigated in Iran for three thermal regime classes (mesic, thermic, and hyperthermic) during 1993-2017. The results showed that the highest and lowest increases in ST trend occurred in the mesic and thermic thermal regimes, respectively. The return period of approximately 2.1 to 2.6 years was detected in all three studied thermal classes likely as a result of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) variation. In the mesic regime, the annual ST was affected to an equal extent by almost every season. For the thermic regime, the annual ST was most influenced by the ST oscillations in autumn and spring and regarding the hyperthermic regime in winter and summer. Result demonstrated by the implementation of the coincidence which exists between the short- and long-term oscillations of ST and AT time series, one can generate and reconstruct ST data gaps based on AT.During play with a dog, humans commonly command the dog to engage in particular activities. How effective are commands during play, and do they serve as play signals? To answer this question, I examined commands issued to dogs by 21 familiar and 17 unfamiliar persons who played with a dog, and the dog's responses. Specifically, I examined dogs' actions following commands containing the words (in decreasing order of frequency) come/come here, go get/get/go, give/gimme, bring, look, and drop, to see if they satisfied the commands and whether play followed the commands. Dogs more often ignored than satisfied most commands during play interactions, and more often played than not following commands. However, dogs playing after commands as often satisfied as ignored a command, suggesting that commands do not serve as play signals. Play activity dogs were engaged in following commands, most commonly object-keepaway and chase the object, resulted in actions (e.g., getting closer or farther away from the play partner) that could either satisfy or not satisfy a given command. Commands were likely a response to dogs' activities, spoken to direct a dog to engage in a particular activity or exhort the dog to continue engaging in an activity that supported the human's play activities, rather than a play signal.
Several investigations have been performed for a postoperative edema after extraction, but the results have been controversial due to low objectivity or poorly reproducible assessments of the edema. check details The aim of this study was to suggest a classification and patterns of postoperative edema according to the anatomical division associated with extraction of mandibular third molar as a qualitative evaluation method.

This study was conducted forty-four mandibular third molars extracted and MRI was taken within 48 h after extraction. The postoperative edema space was classified by MRI (one anatomic component-buccinator muscle-and four fascial spaces-supra-periosteum space, buccal space, parapharyngeal space, and lingual space), and evaluated independently by two examiners. The inter-examiner reliability was calculated using Kappa statistics.

The evaluation of buccinator muscle edema showed good agreement and the fascial spaces showed constant high agreement. The incidence of postoperative edema was high in the following order supra-periosteum space (75.00%), buccinator muscle (68.18%), parapharyngeal space (54.55%), buccal space (40.91%), and lingual space (25.00%).

Postoperative edema could be assessed clearly by each space, which showed a different tendency between the anatomic and fascial spaces.
Postoperative edema could be assessed clearly by each space, which showed a different tendency between the anatomic and fascial spaces.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous "freeze-dried sulfonated human normal immunoglobulin (GGS)" in patients with steroid-resistant optic neuritis (ON).

Multicenter, prospective, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial.

Patients with steroid-resistant acute ON were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous GGS (GGS group) or intravenous methylprednisolone (steroid pulse [SP] group). Visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), mean deviation (MD) value of the Humphrey Field Analyzer, and critical flicker fusion frequency were measured as efficacy endpoints; adverse events (AEs) were assessed as the safety endpoint.

Thirty-two patients (16 patients/group) received the study drugs. The primary endpoint, change in logMAR at week 2 compared to baseline, showed no statistically significant intergroup difference. However, compared with the SP group, change in the GGS group was increasingly indicative of visual improvement, with least squares mean difference of > 0.
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