Notes

Vaccination details, motivations, along with obstacles negative credit meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine introduction: A qualitative assessment amid parents throughout Burkina Faso, 2018.
Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging pollutant found in many ecosystems including soils, where they may become toxic to organisms or alter their habitat. However, little is known about the influence of MPs on soil microorganisms and processes vital to ecosystem functioning in different soils. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the short-term effects of MPs pollution on soil microorganisms in two agricultural soils with contrasting soil organic matter content and microbial biomass as caused by farm management history (organic and conventional). Soils were amended with two kinds of raw MPs particles, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in the size range of 200-630 μm at a rate of 1% w/w and incubated for 28 days. During incubation, microbial respiration was determined. After incubation, the microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), gene copy numbers of archaea, bacteria and fungi were quantified and extractions performed to gauge effects on C and N mineralisation. The results of this study showed no major detrimental effects of MPs on microbial activity. However, in particular PP reduced microbial biomass in both soils, with a stronger decline in the organic soil, showing lower resistance to MPs. Nevertheless, mineralisation processes remained on the same level, showing functional resistance of the microbial community to MPs addition in both soils. The microbial community composition was not significantly altered by MPs addition, even though fungi tended to decrease in the organic soil. Overall, management legacy had a stronger effect on soil microorganisms, with higher microbial biomass and activity in the organic soil. While this study does not answer whether MPs pollution has a negative impact on soil microorganisms, it highlights the need to consider potential interactive effects of environmental factors, land use and management with MPs on soil microbial communities and their functions.Hard coal is the predominant energy source in Poland. The unavoidable consequence of coal combustion is the production of huge amounts of ash which can be concentrated in radionuclides. The ashes from coal combustion are utilized or stored and may affect the quality of the environment. Therefore, the estimation of radionuclides in hard coal and by-products is of crucial importance. The analyzed samples included ashes produced in ash furnaces, power plants and individual home furnaces operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland, during the hard coal burning. This paper presents radioactivity concentrations of 228Ra, 226Ra and 40K in hard coal, bottom and fly ash samples from Polish coal-fired power plants obtained during various technological coal combustion processes and generated in individual domestic furnaces, determined using the HPGe gamma spectrometry technique. The measurements of 234,238U concentrations were performed after sample preparation using alpha-particle spectrometer. The concentrations of the obtained radionuclides differ greatly in the fly and bottom ash samples. The lowest concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 234U, 238U were observed in bottom ashes from the co-firing of hard coal and biomass in a fluidized-bed furnace, whereas the highest concentrations of 226Ra (163 ± 6 Bq/kg), 228Ra (100 ± 2 Bq/kg) isotopes were found in the ashes from individual household furnaces. This means that both the feed coal type and combustion techniques have a direct impact on the concentration of radionuclides in ash. Hard coal silt samples may be enriched in radionuclides and the radioactive equilibrium between 226Ra and 238U even in the case of coal is not always achieved. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes in ashes are 5-7-fold higher than in feed coal. Selleck SR10221 Given that combustion by-products are utilized as construction products, it should be noted that for some ash samples, the radiological hazard indices approach or exceed the maximum permitted levels.Inorganic particulate nitrate (p-NO3-), gaseous nitric acid (HNO3(g)) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), as main atmospheric pollutants, have detrimental effects on human health and aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems. Referred to as the 'Third Pole' and the 'Water Tower of Asia', the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has attracted wide attention on its environmental changes. Here, we evaluated the oxidation processes of atmospheric nitrate as well as traced its potential sources by analyzing the isotopic compositions of nitrate (δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O) in the aerosols collected from the Mt. Everest region during April to September 2018. Over the entire sampling campaigns, the average of δ15N(NO3-), δ18O(NO3-), and Δ17O(NO3-) was -5.1 ± 2.3‰, 66.7 ± 10.2‰, and 24.1 ± 3.9‰, respectively. The seasonal variation in Δ17O(NO3-) indicates the relative importance of O3 and HO2/RO2/OH in NOx oxidation processes among different seasons. A significant correlation between NO3- and Ca2+ and frequent dust storms in the Mt. Everest region indicate that initially, the atmospheric nitrate in this region might have undergone a process of settling; subsequently, it got re-suspended in the dust. Compared with the Δ17O(NO3-) values in the northern TP, our observed significantly higher values suggest that spatial variations in atmospheric Δ17O(NO3-) exist within the TP, and this might result from the spatial variations of the atmospheric O3 levels, especially the stratospheric O3, over the TP. The observed δ15N(NO3-) values predicted remarkably low δ15N values in the NOx of the sources and the N isotopic fractionation plays a crucial role in the seasonal changes of δ15N(NO3-). Combined with the results from the backward trajectory analysis of air mass, we suggest that the vehicle exhausts and agricultural activities in South Asia play a dominant role in determining the nitrate levels in the Mt. Everest region.The aim of this study was to develop a new experimental setup to determine parallel the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from silage during the opening as well as the subsequent aerobic storage phase of the complete bale without wrapping film. For this purpose, a special silage respiration chamber was used in which a silage bale could be examined. The gas analysis (CO2, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) of inlet, ambient and outlet air of the silage respiration chamber was carried out by photoacoustic spectroscopy. The gas samples taken inside the bale were analysed by gas chromatography for CO2, O2, CH4, and N2O. Three silage bales (grass and lucerne) as the smallest silage unit commonly used in practice were examined. The emission behaviour of the bales was recorded during experimental periods up to 55 days. The results allow a differentiation of the outgassing processes. On the one hand, gases produced during the anaerobic ensiling process (CO2, CH4, N2O) are released once in a large amount during the first experimental hours after opening the silage.
My Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sr10221.html