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Structure as well as Qualities of Barium Titanate Lead-Free Piezoceramic Created by Folder Jetting Method.
The SBR of the tumor (p = 0.030) and the ratio of Gd-enhanced T1 tumor signal to normal brain (T1BR) (p = 0.0040) were significantly correlated with the tumor diameter. The SBR of the tumor was also correlated with the T1BR (p = 0.0020). The tumor was completely removed in 9 of the 10 patients, as confirmed by postoperative Gd-enhanced MRI. This was concomitant with the absence of NIR fluorescence at the end of surgery.

SWIG reveals the metastatic tumor location from the brain surface with both the microscope and exoscope systems. The Gd-enhanced T1 tumor signal may predict the NIR signal of the metastatic tumor, thus facilitating tumor resection.
SWIG reveals the metastatic tumor location from the brain surface with both the microscope and exoscope systems. The Gd-enhanced T1 tumor signal may predict the NIR signal of the metastatic tumor, thus facilitating tumor resection.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) have the ability to noninvasively visualize changes in white matter tracts, as well as their relationships with lesions and other structures. DTI/DTT has been increasingly used to improve the safety and results of surgical treatment for lesions in eloquent areas, such as brainstem cavernous malformations. This study aimed to investigate the application value of DTI/DTT in brainstem glioma surgery and to validate the spatial accuracy of reconstructed corticospinal tracts (CSTs).

A retrospective analysis was performed on 54 patients with brainstem gliomas who had undergone surgery from January 2016 to December 2018 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. All patients underwent preoperative DTI and tumor resection with the assistance of DTT-merged neuronavigation and electrophysiological monitoring. Preoperative conventional MRI and DTI data were collected, and the muscle strength and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score before and after surgery were mive mRS score (r = 0.430, p = 0.001, and r = -0.329, p = 0.015, respectively). The CST score was independently linearly associated with postoperative muscle strength (t = -2.461, p = 0.016) and the postoperative mRS score (t = 2.052, p = 0.046).

DTI/DTT is a valuable tool in the surgical management of brainstem gliomas. With good accuracy, it can help optimize surgical planning, guide tumor resection, and predict the postoperative muscle strength and postoperative quality of life of patients.
DTI/DTT is a valuable tool in the surgical management of brainstem gliomas. With good accuracy, it can help optimize surgical planning, guide tumor resection, and predict the postoperative muscle strength and postoperative quality of life of patients.
Extracorporeal telescopes (exoscopes) have been the latest addition to the neurosurgeons' armamentarium, acting as a bridge between operating microscopes and endoscopes. However, to the authors' knowledge there are no published preclinical laboratory studies of the accuracy, efficiency, and dexterity of neurosurgical training for the use of 2D or 3D exoscopes compared with microscopes.

In a controlled experimental setup, 22 participating neurosurgery residents performed simple (2D) and complex (3D) motor tasks with three visualization tools in alternating sequence a 2D exoscope, 3D exoscope, and microscope, using a block randomization model based on the neurosurgeons' prior training experience (novice, intermediate, and senior n = 6, 12, and 4, respectively). Performance scores (PS; including error and efficiency scores) and dexterity scores (DS) were calculated to objectify the accuracy, efficiency, and finesse of task performance. Repeated measures ANOVA analysis was used to compare the PS, DS, and cumuomfort level for neurosurgeons while they are performing 2D or 3D motor tasks. For performing complex 3D motor tasks, 3D exoscopes offer selective advantages in dexterity, performance, and operational comfort level over 2D exoscopes. The relative impact of visualization aids on surgical proficiency gradually weakens as the participants' residency duration increases.
Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an established tool in basic research for tissue imaging at the level of microstructures. Miniaturization and refinement of the technology have made this modality available for operative imaging with a handheld device. Sufficient image contrast is provided by the preoperative application of fluorescein sodium. Eflornithine cell line The authors report their first experiences in a clinical case series using the new confocal laser endomicroscope.

Handling, operative workflow, and visualization of the CLE were critically evaluated in 12 cases of different CNS tumors. Three different imaging positions in relation to the tumor were chosen the tumor border (I), tumor center (II), and perilesional zone (III). Respective diagnostic sampling with H & E staining and matching intraoperative neuronavigation and microscope images are provided.

CLE was found to be beneficial in terms of high-quality visualization of fine structures and for displaying hidden anatomical details. The handling of the ssessments is needed.
Augmented reality (AR) in cranial surgery allows direct projection of preregistered overlaid images in real time on the microscope surgical field. In this study, the authors aimed to compare the precision of AR-assisted navigation and standard pointer-based neuronavigation (NV) by using a 3D-printed skull in surgical conditions.

A commercial standardized 3D-printed skull was scanned, fused, and referenced with an MR image and a CT scan of a patient with a 2 × 2-mm right frontal sinus defect. The defect was identified, registered, and integrated into NV. The target was physically marked on the 3D-printed skull replicating the right frontal sinus defect. Twenty-six subjects participated, 25 of whom had no prior NV or AR experience and 1 with little AR experience. The subjects were briefly trained in how to use NV, AR, and AR recalibration tools. Participants were asked to do the following 1) "target the center of the defect in the 3D-printed skull with a navigation pointer, assisted only by NV orientation," experience.
This study shows for the first time the superiority of AR over NV in terms of precision. AR is easy to use. The number of recalibrations performed using reference structures increases the precision of the navigation. The confidence regarding precision increases with experience.
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