Notes

Phytophthora infestans (Delayed blight) Disease Assay inside a Separate Foliage involving Potato.
A new class of cyclazine analogues with periphery reminiscent of an aza[10]annulene framework, tethered internally by an sp3 carbon, is presented. In depth structure analysis based on NMR and X-ray diffraction data gave a deeper insight into the effect of electron delocalization on their structure and properties. A characteristic change in chemical shift positions suggested an aromatic ring current in these systems. Attractive emission properties in solid and solution states involving charge transfer is another highlight.The present manuscript describes a convenient, mild, and highly stereoselective method for the allylation of δ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated ketones having a benzylic hydroxyl group at the δ-position using allyltrimethylsilane mediated by BF3·OEt2, leading to 2,4-diallyl-2-methyl-6-aryltetrahydro-2H-pyran ring systems with quaternary carbon stereogenic centers. This represents the first example of a tandem isomerization followed by one C-O and two C-C bond-forming reactions in one pot. The isolation of TMS-protected lactol as an intermediate from the reaction strongly supports the proposed mechanistic pathway.The fates of organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) in atmospheric condensed phases are key to understanding the oxidative and toxicological potentials of particulate matter. Recently, mass spectrometric detection of ROOHs as chloride anion adducts has revealed that liquid-phase α-hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides, derived from hydration of carbonyl oxides (Criegee intermediates), decompose to geminal diols and H2O2 over a time frame that is sensitively dependent on the water content, pH, and temperature of the reaction solution. Based on these findings, it has been proposed that H+-catalyzed conversion of ROOHs to ROHs + H2O2 is a key process for the decomposition of ROOHs that bypasses radical formation. In this perspective, we discuss our current understanding of the aqueous-phase decomposition of atmospherically relevant ROOHs, including ROOHs derived from reaction between Criegee intermediates and alcohols or carboxylic acids, and of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Implications and future challenges are also discussed.A simple but approximate algorithm is described for computing second virial coefficients based on equilibrated molecular configurations that may be generated during any Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulation. The algorithm uses simple quadrature based on sampling every binary pair in the configuration and moving their center-center distances from zero to infinity. Comparisons are made in the literature results using more sophisticated sampling and integration for n-alkanes of ethane through n-dodecane. Accuracy is within the error bars determined by block averaging, and temperature effects can be inferred using a single configurational temperature, including perturbative virial coefficients. Predictably, the accuracy is best at the configurational temperature and when the configurational density is lowest. More notably, good accuracy is achieved from configurations at intermediate densities, and the trend at high density conveys valuable insight about conformational changes. The algorithm is simple enough to assign as a homework problem in an introductory molecular modeling course and reinforces the elementary knowledge of pairwise potentials among multisite molecules, numerical integration, and conformational averaging. The result is also quite valuable on its own merits, especially considering thermodynamic integration to compute phase equilibria. Additionally, the incidental data derived from the computation can provide simple but meaningful insights into the nature of multisite interactions, as demonstrated by relating the Mayer averaged potential to an effective Mie potential. Altogether, the argument is made that the computation of the second virial coefficient should be considered to be a routine metric of any molecular simulation, such as the radial distribution function, pressure, or energy.Far-field super-resolution optical microscopies have achieved incredible success in life science for visualization of vital nanostructures organized in single cells. However, such resolution power has been much less extended to material science for inspection of human-made ultrafine nanostructures, simply because the current super-resolution optical microscopies modalities are rarely applicable to nonfluorescent samples or unlabeled systems. Here, we report an antiphase demodulation pump-probe (DPP) super-resolution microscope for direct optical inspection of integrated circuits (ICs) with a lateral resolution down to 60 nm. Because of the strong pump-probe (PP) signal from copper, we performed label-free super-resolution imaging of multilayered copper interconnects on a small central processing unit (CPU) chip. The label-free super-resolution DPP optical microscopy opens possibilities for easy, fast, and large-scale electronic inspection in the whole pipeline chain for designing and manufacturing ICs.Agonism of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor "Takeda G-protein receptor 5" (TGR5) aids in attenuating cholesterol accumulation due to atherosclerotic progression. Although mammalian bile compounds can activate TGR5, they are generally weak agonists, and more effective compounds need to be identified. In this study, two marine bile compounds (5β-scymnol and its sulfate) were compared with mammalian bile compounds deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) using an in vitro model of TGR5 agonism. The response profiles of human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) transfected to overexpress TGR5 (HEK293-TGR5) and incubated with subcytotoxic concentrations of test compounds were compared to nontransfected HEK293 control cells using the specific calcium-binding fluorophore Fura-2AM to measure intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i release. Tamoxifen Scymnol and scymnol sulfate caused a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i within TGR5 cells only, which was abolished by a specific inhibitor for Gαq protein (UBO-QIC). Sustained increases in [Ca2+]i were seen in both cell types with DCA exposure; this was unaffected by UBO-QIC, indicating that TGR5 activation was not involved. Exposure to UDCA did not alter [Ca2+]i, suggesting a lack of TGR5 bioactivity. These findings demonstrated that both scymnol and scymnol sulfate are novel agonists of TGR5 receptors, showing therapeutic potential for treating atherosclerosis.
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