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Urbanization changes the landscape structure and ecological processes of natural habitats. While urban areas expose animal communities to novel challenges, they may also provide more stable environments in which environmental fluctuations are buffered. Species´ ecology and physiology may determine their capacity to cope with the city life. selleck inhibitor However, the physiological mechanisms underlying organismal responses to urbanization, and whether different physiological systems are equally affected by urban environments remain poorly understood. This severely limits our capacity to predict the impact of anthropogenic habitats on wild populations. In this study, we measured indicators of physiological stress at the endocrine, immune and cellular level (feather corticosterone levels, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and heat-shock proteins) in urban and non-urban European blackbirds (Turdus merula) across 10 European populations. Among the three variables, we found consistent differences in feather corticosterone, which was higher in non-urban habitats. This effect seems to be dependent on sex, being greater in males. In contrast, we found no significant differences between urban and non-urban habitats in the two other physiological indicators. The discrepancy between these different measurements of physiological stress highlights the importance of including multiple physiological variables to understand the impact of urbanization on species' physiology. Overall, our findings suggest that adult European blackbirds living in urban and non-urban habitats do not differ in terms of physiological stress at an organismal level. Furthermore, we found large differences among populations on the strength and direction of the urbanization effect, which illustrates the relevance of spatial replication when investigating urban-induced physiological responses. The detection and processing of novelty play a critical role in memory formation. The effect of novelty intervention in memory has been demonstrated with rodents in several lines of research; however, it has not been explored as extensively in humans. In this research, we evaluated the effect of novelty exposure on two types of emotional memory visual (Study 1) and verbal (Study 2). Eighty healthy volunteers participated in both studies. First, all participants watched a video (session 1); seven days later (session 2), participants in the control group watched the same video and those in the experimental condition were exposed to a novel one. Immediately after exposure, all participants looked at 36 pictures (or listened to 36 words). Soon afterward, a two-task test was administered to evaluate memory (immediate free recall and recognition). A week later (session 3), the two-task test was run again (deferred free recall and recognition). Regarding emotional memory processing, the emotional information was more activating and better remembered than the neutral one, for both visual and verbal information. Regarding the novelty effect, the participants exposed to the novel video had better recall than the control on the deferred measures. Thus, our results provide evidence of the effect of novelty exposure on two different types of emotional memory, with great potentialities in clinical and educational settings. Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are secreted from virtually every cell. EV contain mRNA, miRNA, lipids and proteins and can deliver this expansive cargo into nearby cells as well as over long distances via the blood stream. Great interest has been given to them for their role in cell to cell communication, disease progression, or as biomarkers, and more recent studies have interrogated their potential as a therapeutic that may replace paracrine-acting cell therapies. The retina is a conveniently accessible component of the central nervous system and the proposed paradigm for the testing of many cell therapies. Recently, several studies have been published demonstrating that the delivery of EV/exosomes into the eye can elicit significant therapeutic effects in several models of retinal disease. We summarize results from currently available studies, demonstrating their efficacy in multiple eye disease models as well as highlighting where future research efforts should be directed. SNV (single nucleotide variation) in estrogen receptor (ESR1 and ESR2) genes are susceptibility markers for complex diseases, such as cancer, metabolic disorders and women infertility. We explored six widely used SNVs in ESR1 (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs3798577, rs3020314) and ESR2 (rs1256049, rs4986938) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women from Tunisia (n = 254) compared to controls (n = 170). Genotyping was performed by RFLP-PCR or real-time PCR and analyzed in GoldenHelix statistical package. Logistic regression revealed association of rs2234693, rs3798577 and rs3020314 (ESR1) and rs1256049 (ESR2), the association of rs2234693 (C/T) being the strongest with P less then 4.81 × 10-6, 2.88 × 10-5 after Bonferroni correction, OR 0.31, 95%CI (0.18-0.53)). Correlations were found with LH, LH/FSH or hyperandrogenism and even more significant with metabolic syndrome (rs9340799) and hyperglycemia (rs3798577). Among 14 haplotypes reconstructed in ESR1gene, four haplotypes (H1 to H4) were associated with PCOS the strongest being that of H1 (P less then 0.002) supported by Bonferroni (P less then 0.033) and permutation tests (P less then 4 x10-4). In haplotype trend regression, concordant correlations were found with insulin resistance (P less then 0.033) for H2 and with high blood pressure for H3 (P less then 0.048). While these data revealed influential role on metabolic rather and hormonal features of PCOS, the association of rs2234693 was the strongest among all ethnic populations studied thus far giving a new insight on estrogen receptor gene variation in distant North African populations and their role in metabolic alteration of PCOS. V.The fungi in order Mortierellales are attractive producers for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, the genome sequencing and assembly of a novel strain of Mortierella sp. BCC40632 were done, yielding 65 contigs spanning of 49,964,116 total bases with predicted 12,149 protein-coding genes. We focused on the acetyl-CoA in relevant to its derived metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of macromolecules with biological functions, including PUFAs, eicosanoids and carotenoids. By comparative genome analysis between Mortierellales and Mucorales, the signature genetic characteristics of the arachidonic acid-producing strains, including Δ5-desaturase and GLELO-like elongase, were also identified in the strain BCC40632. Remarkably, this fungal strain contained only n-6 pathway of PUFA biosynthesis due to the absence of Δ15-desaturase or ω3-desaturase gene in contrast to other Mortierella species. Four putative enzyme sequences in the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways were identified in the strain BCC40632 and others Mortierellale fungi, but were not detected in the Mucorales.
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