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Frequently cited barriers to breastfeeding included mothers' beliefs and perceptions of colostrum and breast milk sufficiency; fears around child illness; and familial and societal pressures, particularly from paternal grandmothers. Child diets were influenced by similar beliefs and mothers' lack of money, time and control over household finances and decisions. Interventions (n = 22) primarily provided foods or supplements with education, resulting in mixed effects on breastfeeding and child diets. Policy evaluations (n = 7) showed positive and null effects on child feeding practices. We conclude that interventions should address context-specific barriers to optimal feeding behaviours, use behaviour change theory to apply appropriate techniques and evaluate impact using robust research methods.Background This study was conducted as a pilot exercise intervention in youth at-risk for serious mental illness (SMI). The objectives were to examine the feasibility of an exercise intervention and to determine what improvement was observed, following participation in a moderate- to high-intensity aerobic exercise programme. Methods Forty-four male and female youth at-risk for SMI were recruited. Participants completed clinical, lifestyle and fitness assessments prior to and following a 16-week moderate- to high-intensity aerobic exercise intervention. Sixty-minute exercise sessions were held three times per week. Results Forty-one participants completed the entire intervention and assessments; thus, the retention rate was 93.2%. Exercise participants achieved a mean of 98.3 (standard deviation (SD) 26.1) minutes/week of high-intensity and a mean of 32.8 (SD 8.7) minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise over the course of 16 weeks. Improvements in aerobic fitness and body composition as well as reductions in anxiety and depression were observed after the exercise intervention. Conclusion Aerobic exercise is a feasible and sound intervention strategy in youth at-risk for SMI. Further research is required to expand upon these initial findings and develop knowledge of the mechanisms, optimum dose and factors that influence the efficacy of exercise.Introduction Neuroimaging studies of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have recently revealed neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the retina, as an extension of brain, may be a biomarker in understanding the neurobiology of the disease. To assess OCT as a tool to detect neurodegeneration in BD we compared the retinal changes between patients with BD and healthy individuals. DNA Damage inhibitor Methods We performed complete ophthalmological examinations and took OCT images for 70 eyes of 70 patients with BD, and for age and sex-matched individual controls. We compared retinal nerve fiber layers (RNFLs) and total retinal (TR) thickness in the peripapillary areas; and ganglion cell complexes (GCCs) and TR thickness in the maculas between the groups. Results The mean age of the patients was 40.41 ± 13.22 years and that of the controls 40.20 ± 13.03 years. The men/women ratios were 37/33 in both groups. BD was significantly associated with a decrease in the average peripapillary RNFL, with the average peripapillary TR, and with the average GCC thickness (P = .033, P = .008, and P = .009, respectively). The peripapillary RNFL and TR thinnings were prominent in the superior (P = .039, P = .033, respectively) and inferior quadrants (P = .031, P = .018, respectively). The BD effects on GCC thinning was prominent in the superior half (P = .001) and in the nasal sectors (except in the inner superonasal sector; all P less then .05). BD was associated with a decrease in macular TR thickness only at the inner superior sector (P = .014). Disease duration was inversely correlated with the peripapillary RNFL, TR, and macular GCC thicknesses (P less then .05). Discussion Our findings support the neurodegeneration hypothesis in the etiopathogenesis of BD. OCT, a non-invasive neuro-imaging method, may be useful for BD diagnosis and follow-ups.Microtubule-depolymerizing agents can selectively disrupt tumor vessels via inducing endothelial membrane blebbing. However, the mechanism regulating blebbing is largely unknown. IMB5046 is a newly discovered microtubule-depolymerizing agent. Here, the functions of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) during IMB5046-induced blebbing and the relevant mechanism are studied. We found that IMB5046 induced membrane blebbing and reassembly of focal adhesions in human vascular endothelial cells. Both FAK inhibitor and knock-down expression of FAK inhibited IMB5046-induced blebbing. Mechanism study revealed that IMB5046 induced the activation of FAK via GEF-H1/ Rho/ ROCK/ MLC2 pathway. cRGD peptide, a ligand of integrin, also blocked IMB5046-induced blebbing. After activation, FAK further promoted the phosphorylation of MLC2. This positive feedback loop caused more intensive actomyosin contraction and continuous membrane blebbing. FAK inhibitor blocked membrane blebbing via inhibiting actomyosin contraction, and stimulated stress fibre formation via promoting the phosphorylation of HSP27. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that FAK is a molecular switch controlling endothelial blebbing and stress fibre formation. Our study provides a new molecular mechanism for microtubule-depolymerizing agents to be used as vascular disrupting agents.Sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) (XXX, XXY, and XYY karyotypes) are associated with an elevated risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. The range of severity of the phenotype is substantial. We considered whether this variable outcome was related to the presence of copy number variants (CNVs)-stretches of duplicated or deleted DNA. A sample of 125 children with an SCT were compared with 181 children of normal karyotype who had been given the same assessments. First, we compared the groups on measures of overall CNV burden number of CNVs, total span of CNVs, and likely functional impact (probability of loss-of-function intolerance, pLI, summed over CNVs). Differences between groups were small relative to within-group variance and not statistically significant on overall test. Next, we considered whether a measure of general neurodevelopmental impairment was predicted by pLI summed score, SCT versus comparison group, or the interaction between them. There was a substantial effect of SCT/comparison status but the pLI score was not predictive of outcomes in either group.
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