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Connections between Acrylate/Methacrylate Biomaterials and Organic Foulants Examined by Molecular Dynamics Models associated with Simplified Binary Recipes.
o cope with heat stress.Communities usually possess a multitude of interconnected trophic interactions within food webs. Their regulation generally depends on a balance between bottom-up and top-down effects. However, if sensitivity to temperature varies among species, rising temperatures may change trophic interactions via direct and indirect effects. We examined the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of 19 species from temperate wetlands (insect predators, amphibian larvae, zooplankton and amphipods) and determined if they vary in their sensitivity to warming temperatures. CTmax differed between the groups, with predatory insects having higher CTmax than amphibians (both herbivorous larval anurans and predatory larval salamanders), amphipods and zooplankton. In a scenario of global warming, these differences in thermal tolerance may affect top-down and bottom-up processes, particularly considering that insect predators are more likely to maintain or improve their performance at higher temperatures, which could lead to increased predation rates on the herbivores in the food web. Further studies are needed to understand how the energy flows through communities, how species' energy budgets may change and whether other physiological and behavioral responses (such as phenotypic plasticity and thermoregulation) can buffer or increase these changes in the top-down regulation of wetland food webs.Little is known on the protective effects of L-proline on hen erythrocytes. The aim of the study was to determine the protective effects of this amino acid at concentrations of 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL in hen erythrocytes subjected to temperatures 41 °C, 43 °C and 45 °C for 1 h and 4 h. The following cellular parameters were determined viability, morphological alterations, caspase 3/7 activity, heat shock protein HSP70 1A activity and glutathione level. The results showed that exposure to 43 °C and 45 °C resulted in a decrease of viability and increased morphological alterations of the non-treated erythrocytes. Caspase 3/7 activity was increased only at 45 °C, however HSP70 1A activity and glutathione level were increased in the temperature-dependent manner. On the other hand, erythrocytes additionally exposed to L-proline showed alterations of the parameters when compared to the non-treated cells. L-proline at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL increased caspase 3/7 activity at both 41 °C and 43 °C, however it was less augmented at all the concentrations at 45 °C. Glutathione level was decreased in heat-stressed (at 43 °C and 45 °C) hen erythrocytes treated with L-proline (at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) but it was increased at 200 μg/mL. HSP70 1A activity was augmented in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner. The results indicate that proapoptotic or antiapoptotic effects of L-proline depend on its concentration and temperature of heat stress and thermoprotective effects induced by the amino acid on some parameters in hen erythrocytes may be a result of stimulation of antioxidative defense and stimulation of HSP70 1A activity.The present study was attempted to identify an appropriate THI model and threshold THI for goats of semi-arid regions of India. Sixty non-pregnant goats each from Jamunapari and Barbari breeds were selected for the study. The study was conducted from last week of February to first week of June, during which average THI ranged between 53 and 92. Pulse rate (PR), respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 1430 h on alternate days from six goats of each breed randomly during the experiment. Nine THI models were used to calculate THI. An appropriate THI model was predicted on the basis of correlation between THIs calculated from each model and physiological responses. The data of physiological parameters were linked to the THI calculated from identified THI model and threshold THI for each parameter was determined using segmented regression analysis (SegReg Software). The THI models; THI1(1.8 × Tdb+32)-[(0.55-0.0055 × RH) × (1.8 × Tdb-26.8)] and THI8(0.8 × Tdb)+[(RH/100) × (Tdb-14.4)]+46.4) were found to be equally appropriate for assessing environmental heat stress. Threshold THIs with respect to PR, RR and RT in Jamunapari goat were 71.78, 75.14 and 85.94, respectively and in Barbari goats, threshold THIs for PR and RR were 79.48 and 84.40, respectively. A threshold THI could not be identified for RT in Barbari goats. It can be concluded that THI1 and THI8 were the appropriate THI models for measuring environmental heat stress in goats. Results suggested that PR is the first physiological parameter which alters after the onset of heat stress and is followed by changes in RR and RT. On the basis of differential threshold THIs, it can be concluded that Barbari is better adapted than Jamunapari goats in semi-arid regions of India.High heat and humidity stress have been a perpetual perilous for the buffalo's production and productivity in tropics and subtropics including India. Productive potential of livestock's species including buffaloes is maximum with in thermo-neutral zone (TNZ) and if ambient temperature exceeds TNZ and upper critical temperature expose livestock's to heat stress conditions. For decades, heat stress has been the prime factor to plummet buffalo's growth, development, reproduction and production in tropics and subtropics including India. In general, buffaloes are homeotherms and known as temperature regulators as they resist the variations in ambient temperatures. Generally, buffaloes like other livestock's display amalgamation of thermoregulatory responses to withstand the changes occurred in their micro and macro environment. These thermoregulatory responses are behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses acting synergistically to counteract the deleterious effects of heat stress. Amidst all responses, molecular responses play major role to confer thermo-tolerance through expression of highly conserved family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). Despite of these thermoregulatory responses, heat stress prodigiously muddles buffalo's production and productivity. Selleckchem GSK-3 inhibitor The present review highlights the thermoregulatory responses manifested by riverine buffaloes against heat stress.
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