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Over a short time scale (day series within the year), taking typical years of wet, normal, dry, and withered years to calculate the guarantee rate within the year, the average ecological flow guarantee rate reached about 70%. In practice, the joint application of the mid-long term and short-term ecological flow guarantee rate can take into account both long-term planning and short-term regulation, ensuring the sustainable development of river ecosystems in all aspects.Industrial Symbiosis (IS) provides an opportunity to foster resource exchange, whereby the wastes of some companies are used as the feed to others. However, putting IS into practice requires overcoming a series of obstacles such as mistrust and lack of information. In this context, this research proposed the coupling of Facilitated Industrial Symbiosis (FIS) and Game Theory (GT) to break down these barriers. On the one hand, the consideration of FIS entailed the incorporation of the figure of the facilitator into the IS process throughout six different steps, thereby improving the confidence between companies and their access to information about potential synergies. On the other hand, GT was implemented through utility functions that served to favor the achievement of agreements, since their application supported the identification of collective solutions optimizing the benefits of all the parties. The proposed approach was tested through a hypothetical industrial park involving ten companies with different interests and magnitudes. The stepwise examination of the results achieved in this case study emphasized the key role played by the facilitator and GT to foster the participation of companies in waste exchanges and maximize their benefits, respectively.Soil saline-alkaline stress and flooding extremes have been projected to be the main factors influencing the degradation of marsh plants in wetlands worldwide, which would affect their ecological functions (i.e. food source for migrating birds). Plants cope with flooding either by escaping from below water through shoot elongation or by remaining quiescent until water subsides. However, little is known about the adaptive strategies of Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus planiculmis to flooding combined with salinity-alkalinity, which are the key environmental filters in Western Songnen Plain, China. Accordingly, this study investigated the adaptive strategies of P. australis and B. planiculmis subjected to the interacting effects of flooding and soil ion stress under field and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that the two species adopted different strategies to survive flooding. P. australis exhibited an escape strategy because of leaf and shoot elongation with increasing flooding depth whereas B. planiculmis became quiescent with no or deceased leaf and shoot elongation and biomass accumulation. High soil ion stress changed the flooding adaptive strategy of P. australis to a quiescence strategy, whereas B. TG003 CDK inhibitor planiculmis remained quiescent with increasing flooding depth at each soil ion content. The strategies of the two species were changed by alkaline ion stress but not by saline ion stress, and they exhibited different adaptive responses. High alkaline ion stress induced P. australis to remain quiescent with increasing flooding depth, whereas low alkaline ion stress promoted B. planicumis to escape from below water, probably due to the buffer effect of low alkaline ion contents outside the roots probably. Hence, P. australis and B. planicumis might adopt the quiescence strategy with increasing degree of soil salinization and alkalization under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios in Western Songnen Plain, which may lead to severe degradation of the two kinds of marshes in the future.Surface water exposure scenarios used in the risk assessment of Korea's aquatic ecosystems, were developed to represent the 90th percentile pesticide exposure situation as a part of the country's pesticide registration procedure. The scenarios are used to estimate the pesticide concentration in the water of a rice paddy and small streams for three protection goals (i) mudfish in rice paddies, (ii) the aquatic ecosystem of small streams located near rice paddies, and (iii) the aquatic ecosystem of small streams located near fruit orchards. The scenarios were derived taking into account major exposure routes, such as spray drift, runoff, and drainage. The scenarios were parameterized for appropriate models including the pesticide root zone model (PRZM) and the toxic substances in surface waters model (TOXSWA). A total of 17 pesticide compounds and 28 formulated products were selected to test the risk assessment using the developed scenarios. The simulated predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) fully reflected a) the exposure routes for each protection goal b) the use patterns of the products c) physicochemical properties of the pesticides, and d) meteorological conditions of Korea. However, while assessing the risks for aquatic organisms we observed that for most of the selected pesticides the calculated exposure concentrations were higher than the regulatory acceptable concentration (RAC). To implement the exposure scenarios and models for pesticide authorization in Korea, further research on the RACs is needed. We also recommend studies to develop a higher-tier model and risk-mitigation measures that can be applied to the Korean situation.The underlying mechanism of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) after minor head injury is complex, probably due to mechanical injury of the arachnoid membrane, hematological coagulopathy, and pathological angiogenesis in the dura caused by inflammatory cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To confirm whether VEGF might be a reliable predictive biomarker for the natural history of CSDH, including progression and recurrence, we analyzed the correlation of VEGF concentration in the subdural fluid with CT findings and clinical features, including interval from minor head injury. Based on CT classification by hematoma density, the mean concentration of VEGF in hematoma fluid was found to be highest in the trabecular group, whereas the recurrence of CSDH was most frequent in the separated group in which VEGF concentration was low. There was a significant correlation between VEGF concentration and the CT classification. Furthermore, only in the trabecular group, a significant negative correlation between the VEGF concentration and interval from minor head injury to surgery was observed.
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