Notes

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Repetitive pitching places tremendous forces on the shoulder and elbow which can lead to upper extremity (UE) or lower extremity (LE) overuse injuries.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pre-season physical measurements in collegiate baseball players and track in-season baseball throwing volume to determine which factors may predict throwing overuse injuries.

Retrospective Cohort study.

Baseline preseason mobility, strength, endurance, and perception of function were measured in 17 collegiate baseball pitchers. Participants were then followed during the course of the season to collect rate of individual exposure, estimated pitch volume, and rating of perceived exertion in order to determine if changes in workload contributed to risk of injury using an Acute-to-Chronic Workload ratio (ACWR).

Participants developing an injury had greater shoulder internal rotator strength (p=0.04) and grip strength in a neutral position (p=0.03). A significant relationship was identified between ACWR and UE injuries (p <0.001). Athletes with an ACWR above or below 33% were 8.3 (CI
1.8-54.1) times more likely to suffer a throwing overuse injury occurring to the upper or lower extremity in the subsequent week.

ACWR change in a positive or negative direction by 33% was the primary predictor of subsequent injury. This finding may assist sports medicine clinicians by using this threshold when tracking pitch volume to ensure a safe progression in workload during a baseball season to reduce the risk of sustaining overuse upper or lower extremity injuries.

3b.
3b.
The existing body of kinesiology tape (KT) research reveals inconsistent results which challenges the efficacy of the intervention. Understanding professional beliefs and KT clinical application might provide insight for future research and development of evidence-based guidelines.

The purpose of this study was to survey and document the beliefs and clinical application methods of KT among healthcare professionals in the United States.

Cross-sectional survey study.

A 30-question online survey was emailed to members of the National Athletic Trainers Association, Academy of Orthopedic Physical Therapy, and American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy. Professionals were also informed through a recruitment post in different private healthcare Facebook groups.

One thousand and eighty-three respondents completed the survey. Most respondents used KT for post-injury treatment (74%), pain modulation (67%), and neuro-sensory feedback (60%). Most believed that KT stimulates skin mechanoreceptors (77%), improve3.
Inclusion of resistance training as part of a general fitness program to improve health, and lower risk of disease and injury is well established. Two common options to improve strength are elastic bands and weights. Comparison between elastic bands (as the sole resistance) to isotonic strengthening for concentric and eccentric strength outcomes following the use of low repetitions/heavy resistance has not been reported.

The purpose was to examine the effects of a four-week isotonic low repetitions/heavy resistance strengthening program compared to a low repetitions/heavy resistance elastic band strengthening program on shoulder external rotation, hip abduction, and elbow flexion concentric and eccentric isokinetic force production in college aged untrained females.

Randomized Trial.

Twenty healthy females performed pre-and-post isokinetic (60 degrees/second) concentric/eccentric testing of the elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, and hip abductors. Participants were randomly assigned to a four-lar between groups.

Health care practitioners and coaches can consider the prescription of a heavy resistance training program with elastic bands or isotonic exercises for an independent exercise program and expect similar concentric and eccentric muscle force changes.

Level 2b.
Level 2b.
Limited research exists on the effects of both high and low frequency whole body vibration (WBV) on individuals with subacute lateral ankle sprains.

To examine the difference in the effects of high and low frequency WBV on limits of stability (LOS) in adults with a subacute ankle sprain. It was hypothesized that WBV would improve effects on outcome variables for LOS as a component of dynamic balance.

Quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design.

Fifteen participants ages 19-27 years (Mean age 22±2.36) with either a Grade I or Grade II lateral ankle sprain received WBV in bilateral stance under three randomized conditions (high frequency-25 Hz, low frequency-6 Hz, and control, which consisted of bilateral stance with machine off) for six minutes over three sessions (one time per week). The LOS test, consisting of 5 variables, were assessed using the NeuroCom® Balance Manager-SMART EquiTest® (Natus Medical Incorporated, Pleasanton, CA) at baseline and after the intervention period. The participants complnkle sprain may result in improvement in several components of postural stability. WBV is a quick intervention that could be implemented in physical therapy clinics, athletic training rooms, and workout facilities to improve an individual's LOS as a component of dynamic balance one to eight weeks post lateral ankle sprain.

2b.
2b.
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) results in hip neuromuscular impairments that can perpetuate dysfunction through reduced lumbopelvic stability and subsequent malpositioning of the lower body during functional movement. Lumbopelvic stability might be further impaired through changes in trunk muscular contractility. MIK665 supplier However, lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle morphology have not been compared between individuals with and without CAI.

To compare lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle contractility between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) and determine if lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle contractility are associated with self-reported function.

Case-control study.

Ten individuals with CAI, 10 ankle sprain copers (COP), and 10 healthy controls (CON) participated. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging was used to assess transversus abdominis (TrA) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle contractility. A percent change in contraction thickness from rested to contracted conditions was calculated for each muscle.
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