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Prevalence involving dysmenorrhea and also determinants regarding ache depth amongst college age group girls.
Through the application of the Water Pollution Emergency Response System (WPERS) in the Changjiang Estuary, it was found that tidal flats significantly affect the trajectory of an oil film, and the deposition of the oil film on tidal flats is remarkable. In this study, the Estuarine Oil Spill Model (EOSM) was developed to simulate the process of the oil film landing on tidal flats. The Lagrangian particle algorithm and oil fate experience algorithms were adopted. An algorithm for generating dynamic shorelines was also involved. Compared to the oil spill algorithm without wet-dry functionality, the spatial distribution of the oil film deposition simulated in the EOSM better matched the reanalysis data of the satellite remote sensing image. This indicated that the dynamic wet-dry switch phenomenon of tidal flats could be involved in the simulation of offshore oil spills to improve the accuracy of accident prediction and ecological loss assessment. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY On December 30th, 2012, a vessel carrying 400 tons of heavy oil sank in the Changjiang Estuary, China. The heavy oil leaked at around 4 am the next day. In this study, a new oil spill model was developed to simulate the process of an oil film landing on land and tidal flats. An algorithm for generating the dynamic shorelines in an oil spill simulation was adapted for the wet-dry switch of tidal flats. The landing distribution of the oil film in this new model was well matched to the satellite image for this accident. This indicated that the dynamic wet-dry switch phenomenon of tidal flats could be involved in the simulation of oil spills offshore, to improve the accuracy of accident prediction and ecological loss assessment. The research results could provide some new ideas for the development of offshore oil spill simulation technology.Mercury (Hg) is a well-known toxicant which enters the marine environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources. Consumption of fish and other seafood that contain methylmercury (MeHg) is a leading source of Hg exposure in humans. Considerable efforts have been made to mitigate the Hg presence and reduce its risks to humans. In this review the acknowledged methods of mitigation are summarized such as regulation and maximum allowable limits, and culinary treatments. In addition, selected industrial level trials are reviewed, and studies on Hg intoxication and the protective effects of the essential trace element, selenium (Se), are discussed. In view of the available literature, Hg reduction in fish and other seafood on a large industrial scale still is largely unsuccessful. Hence, more research and further attempts are necessary in order to better mitigate the Hg problem in fish and other seafood products.The sperm ultrastructure of Pytho depressus (Pythidae) is described in this study. The sperm are short cells, about 85-90 μm long, with an acrosome consisting of three layers, a cylindrical nucleus, which at its base has the initial region of two mitochondrial derivatives. The flagellum has two well-developed triangular accessory bodies, and a 9 + 9+2 axonemal pattern with accessory tubules provided with 16 protofilaments in their wall. The structure and shape of the accessory bodies are diagnostic characters within the superfamily. selleck chemicals llc The sperm morphology of P. depressus can be easily distinguished from those of Ripiphoridae, Meloidae and Tenebrionidae. The P. depressus sperm are organized in cysts as in other species of the group but the sperm are not well aligned and show an antiparallel orientation, a feature also observed in other tenebrionids. The phylogenetic implications of the observed sperm features are discussed in the context of comparative sperm ultrastructure of other insect species.Dopamine (DA) metabolism and cell trafficking are critical for the proper functioning of DA neurons. Disruption of these DA processes can yield toxic products and is implicated in neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate pathogenic mechanisms involving DA neurons, in vitro models that recapitulate DA metabolism and trafficking in vivo are crucial. N27 cells are a widely used model for PD; however, these cells exhibit little expression of the DA transporter (DAT) confounding studies of DA uptake and metabolism. This lack of adequate DAT expression calls into question the use of this cell line as a model to study DA cell trafficking and metabolism. To overcome this problem, we stably expressed the human DAT (hDAT) in N27 cells to develop cells that we named N27-BCD. This approach allows for characterization of toxicants that may alter DA metabolism, trafficking, and/or interactions with DAT. N27-BCD cells are more sensitive to the neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPTP/MPP+) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). N27-BCD cells allowed for clear observation of DA metabolism, whereas N27 cells did not. Here, we propose that stable expression of hDAT in N27 cells yields a useful model of DA neurons to study the impact of altered DA cell trafficking and metabolism.Normal aging results in pronounced optical and neural changes in the visual system. Processes of adaptation are thought to help compensate for many of these changes in order to maintain perceptual constancy, but it is uncertain how stable adaptation itself remains with aging. We compared the dynamics of adaptation in young (aged 19-24 years) and older (aged 66-74) adults. Contrast thresholds for Gabor patterns were tracked during and after 300 s adaptation to vertical and horizontal Gabor patches. The time course of contrast adaptation and asymptotic adaptation magnitude were similar between older and young adults when normalized for their respective baseline thresholds. Older adults showed stronger transfer of adaptation to the orthogonal orientation and there was an asymmetry between the transfer of adaptation between the horizontal and vertical orientations for both groups. These results suggest age-related changes in orientation tuning while the processes of cortical contrast adaptation remain largely intact with aging.When stimulus inputs from different senses are integrated to form a coherent percept, inputs from a more precise sense are typically more dominant than those from a less precise sense. Furthermore, we hypothesized that some basic stimulus features, such as orientation, can be supramodal-represented at a conceptual level that is independent of the original modality precision. This hypothesis was tested with perceptual learning experiments. Specifically, participants practiced coarser tactile orientation discrimination, which initially had little impact on finer visual orientation discrimination (tactile vs. visual orientation thresholds = 31). However, if participants also practiced a functionally orthogonal visual contrast discrimination task in a double training design, their visual orientation performance was improved at both tactile-trained and untrained orientations, as much as through direct visual orientation training. The complete tactile-to-visual learning transfer is consistent with a conceptual supramodal representation of orientation unconstrained by original modality precision, likely through certain forms of input standardization.
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