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Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: A focus regarding Developing Pathogenic Irritation in Major depression.
A new monotypic genus of ricaniid planthoppers (Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha Ricaniidae), Hagneia gen. nov., is described for Hagneia kallea sp. nov. (type species). Habitus, male and female external and internal genital structures of the new species are illustrated.The Central Asian species of the winter moth genus Phthorarcha Meyrick, 1892 are revised and some specimens of the type series of Phthorarcha primigena Staudinger, 1895 are separated and described as Phthorarcha haberhaueri, sp. nov. These poorly known moths and their male and female genitalia are described and illustrated and discrimination of the genera Phthorarcha, Alsophiloides Inoue and Chimaphila Nakajima Wang is analysed.Sponges (phylum Porifera) are ubiquitous inhabitants of marine ecosystems and have been shown to provide substantial ecosystem services. Despite this ecological importance, the sponge fauna in California has received little study. Here I use a collection of kelp forest sponges to describe the diversity of the order Tethyida in California. This order contains the genus Tethya, which has been included in long-term ecological monitoring projects. I show that Tethya vacua is a junior synonym of Tethya californiana, and thus all Tethya populations known in California belong to a single species. Genetic data from California's only Timeidae, Timea authia, indicate that this species is in fact in the Tethyidae and is the third known member of the genus Tethytimea. I also describe the first member of the family Hemiasterellidae from the Eastern Pacific, Galaxia gaviotensis gen. nov. sp. nov. By combining field photographs, morphological taxonomy, and phylogenetic analysis of these samples, this work will facilitate future efforts to understand the evolution of this order and the ecological role of sponges in the California kelp forest.The genus Metura Walker, 1855 is revised, with all species figured, diagnosed, and redescribed. Two new species are described from Australia Metura phyllosacca sp. n. from south eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales, and M. falcata sp. n. from Lord Howe Island. The species Oiketicus aristocosma Lower, 1908 is here recognised as Metura aristocosma (Lower, 1908) comb. n. The mature larval bags, diagnostic by way of their structure, are figured for all species. A key is provided for the adult males and larval bags of this genus. A brief discussion is included, outlining potential research directions.The fourteen described South American species of Heilus (Curculionidae, Molytinae, Molytini, Hylobiina) are reviewed for the first time. Eleven species are redescribed based on specimens (almost exclusively from Brazil) examined by us H. bistigma (Hustache, 1938), H. faldermanni (Boheman, 1836), H. fasciculatus (Boheman, 1843), H. freyreissi (Boheman, 1836), H. inaequalis (Boheman, 1836) [= type species of the genus], H. iniquus (Kirsch, 1874), H. myops (Boheman, 1836), H. ochrifer (Boheman, 1843), H. pupillatus (Olivier, 1790), H. rufescens (Boheman, 1836), and H. tuberculosus (Perty, 1832). Diagnoses of one additional Brazilian species, Heilus admixtus (Hustache, 1938), and two additional South American species, H. asperulus (Erichson, 1847), and H. inornatus (Kirsch, 1874), are presented based on the literature and by examination of images of the type material. Integument texture and the variations in the patterns of maculation are the main characteristics used for species identification. Geographic distribution, descriptions of male and female genitalia are provided for eleven redescribed species, together with habitus photographs, and an identification key to the fourteen described South American species.The genus Neadeloides Klima, 1939 is a small genus of the subfamily Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). It was established for the type species Hoterodes cinerealis Moore, 1867 as the objective replacement name for Adeloides Warren, 1892, a homonym of Adeloides Blanchard, 1845 of Curculionidae in Coleoptera (Singh et al. 2019; Nuss et al. 2003-2020). Recently, this genus was studied by Singh et al. (2019), with the inclusion of three species N. cinerealis (Moore, 1867) and N. nubilus Singh, Ranjan Singh, 2019 from India, and N. glaucoptera (Hampson, 1896) from Bhutan. Species of Neadeloides can be distinguished by the following characters. Erastin In the male, the antenna are very long, about twice the length of the forewing; forewing narrow, with a produced apex; termen extremely oblique; in the female, antenna almost same length of the forewing; forewing wider than male; in the male genitalia, uncus broad, inverted U-shaped, ventrally concave, with a small, sub-apical lateral projection on both sides; valva elongated flap-like, membranous at base and sclerotized from middle to apex; costal margin rather concave, nearly straight; dorsum of valva outwardly angled at middle or roughly straight; sacculus process hook-shaped or broad rectangular, with setose apical flap (Singh et al. 2019).The region of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is one of the most important karstic areas of the Brazilian Quaternary due to the faunistic diversity of living and extinct forms. Among them, some taxa remain poorly studied, as is the case of Calomys anoblepas Winge 1887. Despite the recent allocation of the taxon within Juliomys, its description and morphological analysis are condensed, based on comparative few specimens and on few informative characters. In this study, we investigate characters proposed to distinguish species of Juliomys, and reevaluate the taxonomic status of the fossil Juliomys anoblepas. We analyzed 80 cranio-dental morphological characters in 233 specimens represented by the four species currently recognized J. pictipes (Osgood 1933), J. rimofrons Oliveira Bonvicino 2002, J. ossitenuis Costa, Pavan, Leite Fagundes 2007, and J. ximenezi Christoff, Vieira, Oliveira, Gonçalves, Valiati Tomasi 2016. We also performed principal component analysis on eight craniodental measurements available for the J. anoblepas hypodigm. The review of morphological systems and the evaluation of the characters used in the literature revealed that there are no diagnostic characters in the anterior portion of the skull and in the molar series of Juliomys, being difficult to differentiate the fossil from the other living species. Only six qualitative characters were variable and applicable to the hypodigm of J. anoblepas. Characters are polymorphic, invariable, or the fossil is not sufficiently complete to determinate its states. The taxon could not be morphometrically differentiated from J. pictipes and J. ossitenuis. Based on the results presented herein, we consider J. anoblepas as a nomen dubium and restrict its name to the taxon's hypodigm.
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