Notes

Pygidiopsis cambodiensis d. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae) through experimental gerbles contaminated with metacercariae inside mullets via Cambodia.
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immune-mediated fibroinflammatory condition that can mimic several diseases and can present as a malignant tumor. Ridaforolimus mTOR inhibitor We present a case of a 53-year-old woman who presented with a right upper ureteric mass. On pathologic evaluation, a diagnosis of IgG4-RD was made. In the absence of preoperative biopsy and other clinical manifestations, preoperative clinical diagnosis remains challenging and high index of suspicion and accurate pathological evaluation may help in avoiding misdiagnosis.
In metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (M-STS), pazopanib has demonstrated promising activity; however, there is dearth of data from lower and middle income countries. It is important to explore the feasibility (toxicity, acceptance), efficacy (response rates, survival), and optimal dose requirement of pazopanib in M-STS in India.

All patients who received pazopanib for M-STS in 2013-2018 in Tata Memorial Centre were included. Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained. Assessment for response with contrast computed tomography scans was done as per the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria. Pazopanib was continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Clinical benefit rates and survival were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS version 21.0.

Seventy-two consecutive patients with a median follow-up of 17 (4-40) months were included in this study. Median lines of prior therapy were 2 (0-2). Among 50 evaluable patients, se was lower than the standard 800 mg dose. This novel finding merits confirmation in larger cohorts for reproducibility.
BCR-ABL mutation on the Philadelphia chromosome is the key driver of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) pathogenesis. However, there are certain cases of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) wherein no inherent driver mutation is detected resulting in clinical phenotype. It is important to identify key genes and pathways in driving the disease. The aim of the study was to use a gene-based omics approach to molecularly characterize these mutation-positive and negative cases to further strengthen diagnostics and precision medicine.

A microarray profiling was done on CD34 positive cells isolated from two BCR-ABL positive and five BCR-ABL negative samples. JAK2V617F mutation testing was also done to rule out the presence of any other mutation in the latter group. The fold change cut-off was taken as ±1.5 with p≤0.5 for significant genes. The gene network and pathway analysis were done using DAVID and STRING software.

The genes upregulated in BCR-ABL negative samples were shown to be involved in immune regulation, signal transduction and T- and B-cell signalling. The protein-protein interaction network of upregulated genes in these samples were enriched for various immunomodulatory genes such as HLADP, HLADQ, IL7R, CCR7, CD3 subtypes. These genes further formed a network with signal transduction genes such as LCK, FYN, RAG1, DOCK1, AKT3, SMAD3, LEF1.

The results suggested a modulation of immune response genes and its subsequent effect on oncogenic signalling in BCR-ABL negative samples as compared to BCR-ABL positive samples. The protein network analysis was enriched for genes involved in Src, TGF-beta and PI3K-AKT pathway contributing to the proliferation of neoplastic clone.
The results suggested a modulation of immune response genes and its subsequent effect on oncogenic signalling in BCR-ABL negative samples as compared to BCR-ABL positive samples. The protein network analysis was enriched for genes involved in Src, TGF-beta and PI3K-AKT pathway contributing to the proliferation of neoplastic clone.In July 2015, we investigated a foodborne illness outbreak in Sithalikuppam and Verupachi villages, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, among the political rally attendees to determine the risk factors for illness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, calculated risk ratio for the food exposures, and cultured stool specimens. Of 55 rally attendees, we identified 36 (65%) case patients; 32 (89%) had diarrhea and 20 (56%) had vomiting. Median incubation period was 14 h. Eighty-nine percent (32/36) of those who ate lemon rice at dinner had illness compared to 21% (4/19) of those who did not (RR 4.2). Of the six nonattendees who ate leftovers on July 25, all ate only lemon rice and became ill. Stool cultures were negative for Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio species. Lemon rice was probably contaminated with enterotoxins such as from Bacillus cereus. Our findings highlighted need for community food safety education and importance of thorough outbreak investigations.In September 2019, after a reported death due to acute diarrheal disease in Shahpur village, Panchkula district, Haryana state, India, we conducted an outbreak investigation to identify the etiological agent, estimate the burden of disease, and make recommendations to prevent future outbreaks. The suspected cholera case was a resident of Shahpur huts, ≥1 year of age having ≥3 loose stools within a 24-h period between September 1 and 28, 2019 and a laboratory-confirmed cholera case, whose stool specimen tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. We identified 196 suspected cholera cases with a median age of 18 years (range 1-65 years); 54% (106) being female. The overall attack rate was 8% (196/2,602), and the case fatality rate was 1% (2/196). Tested samples of water from tanks (n = 6), sewage effluent (n = 2), and 22% (4/18) of stool specimens collected from suspected cases were positive for V. cholerae. Strengthening surveillance, improving water, and sanitation systems are recommended to prevent future cholera outbreaks.
Mandla District in Madhya Pradesh, India, reported a suspected cholera outbreak from Ghughri subdistrict on August 18, 2016.

We investigated to determine risk factors and recommend control and prevention measures.

We defined a case as >3 loose stools in 24 h in a Ghughri resident between July 20 and August 19, 2016. We identified cases by passive surveillance in health facilities and by a house-to-house survey in 28 highly affected villages. We conducted a 12 unmatched case-control study, collected stool samples for culture, and tested water sources for fecal contamination.

We identified 628 cases (61% female) from 96 villages; the median age was 27 years (range 1 month-76 years). Illnesses began 7 days after rainfall with 259 (41%) hospitalizations and 14 (2%) deaths in people from remote villages who died before reaching a health facility; 12 (86%) worked in paddy fields. Illness was associated with drinking well water within paddy fields (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-8.
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