Notes

Visual super-resonance within a personalized S T-symmetric technique involving hybrid connection.
4% decline in FEV1 area under the curve, p=0.03). Airway responsiveness was increased by 48.1% after DBP exposure in participants without baseline hyper-responsiveness (p=0.01). DBP increased the recruitment of bronchoalveolar lavage total macrophages by 4.6% (p=0.07) while the M2 macrophage phenotype increased by 46.9% (p=0.04). Airway immune mediator levels were modestly affected by DBP. Conclusions DBP exposure augmented allergen-induced lung function decline, particularly in those without baseline hyper-responsiveness, and exhibited immuno-modulatory effects in the airways of allergic individuals. This is the first controlled human exposure study providing biological evidence for phthalate-induced effects in the airways. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT02688478.Severe trauma can produce a post-injury "metabolic self-destruction" characterized by catabolic metabolism and hyperglycemia. The severity of the hyperglycemia is highly correlated with post-trauma morbidity and mortality. Although no mechanism has been posited to connect severe trauma with a loss of autonomic control over metabolism, traumatic injury causes other failures of autonomic function, notably, gastric stasis and ulceration ("Cushing's Ulcer") which has been connected with the generation of thrombin. Our previous studies established that proteinase-activated receptors (PAR1; "thrombin receptors") located on astrocytes in the autonomically critical nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) can modulate gastric control circuit neurons to cause gastric stasis. Hindbrain astrocytes have been also been implicated as important detectors of low glucose or glucose utilization. When activated, these astrocytes communicate with hindbrain catecholamine neurons that, in turn, trigger counter-regulatory responses (CRR). There may be a convergence between the effects of thrombin to derange hindbrain gastrointestinal control and the hindbrain circuitry that initiates CRR to increase glycemia in reaction to critical hypoglycemia. Our results suggest that thrombin acts within the NST to increase glycemia through an astrocyte-dependent mechanism. Blockade of purinergic, gliotransmission pathways interrupted the effect of thrombin to increase glycemia. Our studies also revealed that thrombin, acting in the NST, produced a rapid, dramatic, and potentially lethal suppression of respiratory rhythm that was also a function of purinergic gliotransmission. These results suggest that the critical connection between traumatic injury and a general collapse of autonomic regulation involves thrombin action on astrocytes.Keratoconus, a progressive corneal ectasia, is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors. The exact etiology is not known and is likely variable between individuals. Conditions such as hay fever and allergy are associated with increased risk, while diabetes may be protective. Behaviors such as eye rubbing are also implicated, but direct causality has not been proven. Genetics plays a major role in risk for some individuals, with many large pedigrees showing autosomal inheritance patterns. Several genes have been implicated using linkage and follow-up sequencing in these families. Genome-wide association studies for keratoconus and for quantitative traits such as central corneal thickness have identified several genetic loci that contribute to a cumulative risk for keratoconus, even in people without a family history of the disease. Identification of risk genes for keratoconus is improving our understanding of the biology of this complex disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 6 is September 15, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.We as a couple spent 50 years working in visual psychophysics of color vision, temporal vision, and luminance adaptation. click here We sought collaborations with ophthalmologists, anatomists, physiologists, physicists, and psychologists, aiming to relate visual psychophysics to the underlying physiology of the primate retina. This review describes our journey and reflections in exploring the visual system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 6 is September 15, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.In visual search tasks, observers look for targets among distractors. In the lab, this often takes the form of multiple searches for a simple shape that may or may not be present among other items scattered at random on a computer screen (e.g., Find a red T among other letters that are either black or red.). In the real world, observers may search for multiple classes of target in complex scenes that occur only once (e.g., As I emerge from the subway, can I find lunch, my friend, and a street sign in the scene before me?). This article reviews work on how search is guided intelligently. I ask how serial and parallel processes collaborate in visual search, describe the distinction between search templates in working memory and target templates in long-term memory, and consider how searches are terminated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 6 is September 15, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.A retina completely devoid of topographic variations would be homogenous, encoding any given feature uniformly across the visual field. In a naive view, such homogeneity would appear advantageous. However, it is now clear that retinal topographic variations exist across mammalian species in a variety of forms and patterns. We briefly review some of the more established topographic variations in retinas of different mammalian species and focus on the recent discovery that cells belonging to a single neuronal subtype may exhibit distinct topographic variations in distribution, morphology, and even function. We concentrate on the mouse retina-originally viewed as homogenous-in which genetic labeling of distinct neuronal subtypes and other advanced techniques have revealed unexpected anatomical and physiological topographic variations. Notably, different subtypes reveal different patterns of nonuniformity, which may even be opposite or orthogonal to one another. These topographic variations in the encoding of visual space should be considered when studying visual processing in the retina and beyond.
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