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Psychophysical studies on confidence construction are often grounded in bidimensional signal detection theory (SDT) and its relatives. However, these studies often stand on oversimplified assumptions of (a) bidimensional variance-equality and (b) bidimensional statistical independence. The present study simulated 2-alternative forced-choice and confidence rating performances, incorporating more empirically plausible variance-covariance structures. One prominent observation is that superior metacognitive accuracy can be achieved when one applies a heuristic in which the response-incongruent dimension of information is ignored. This is because such an heuristic takes advantage of the specific unequal-variance structure, which paradoxically cannot be easily exploited if both dimensions are evaluated together. Furthermore, under a variety of internal statistical structures, this simple heuristic predicts dissociations of objective decision and subjective metacognition, which have been empirically observed. Also, it provides a tentative account of some behavioral features of blindsight. Therefore, this surprisingly simple decision heuristic may inspire novel perspectives on metacognition and consciousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) reduces delay discounting (DD; preference for smaller, immediate rewards) and various maladaptive behaviors. Exploring potential personalization of EFT to optimize its ability to alter DD and demand for unhealthy reinforcers is important for the development of interventions targeting long-term improvement and maintenance of health. In this investigation, using 2 separate studies, we examined the effects of EFT with and without a health goal on rates of discounting, demand, and craving for cigarettes and fast food among cigarette smokers and obese individuals, respectively. Using data collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk), Study 1 (N = 189) examined the effect of EFT on DD and measures of cigarette demand and craving in cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions EFT-health goal, EFT-general, or Episodic Recent Thinking (ERT)-general. Study 2 (N = 255), using a 2x2 factorial design, examined the effects of health goals and general EFT on DD and measures of fast food demand and craving in obese individuals who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions EFT-health goal, EFT-general, ERT-health goal or ERT-general. Health goal EFT was not more effective than general EFT in reducing monetary discounting. However, the addition of a health goal to general EFT was significantly associated with higher effect on intensity and elasticity of demand for cigarettes and fast food compared to EFT without a health goal. These findings suggest that the amplification of future thinking through the inclusion of a health goal may promote healthy decisions and result in positive behavior changes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Heavy drinking among college students is a public health concern in part due to the accessibility of alcohol and promotions such as "happy hours," which discount the price of alcohol. In addition, consuming alcohol at unregulated off-campus parties may result in greater alcohol consumption, higher blood alcohol concentrations, and increased negative consequences. The purpose of the current study was to assess demand for a refillable red "Solo" cup using a new hypothetical purchase task, the Cup-Price Purchase Task (CPPT). The CPPT asked college student participants to read a description of an off-campus party drinking context and indicate the likelihood of purchasing a refillable cup at prices ranging from $0.00-$60.00. We found that at cup prices of $5.00 or below, the likelihood of purchase was 75% or higher; however, probability of purchase decreased to about 47% at a cup price of $10.00. In addition, several CPPT behavioral economic parameters were positively correlated with the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT) and other alcohol-related measures, providing support for the CPPT's construct validity. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that maximum expenditure on the CPPT was a unique predictor of both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences, even after controlling for the APT metrics. These findings may inform future studies investigating the behavioral economics of high-risk drinking situations and potential strategies to reduce binge drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Motivational interviewing (MI) is a widely disseminated evidence-based therapeutic approach for engaging clients and motivating health behavior change, especially risky substance use. Refinement of MI theory over the past few decades has provided empirical evidence that the technical component of MI (in-session client language) is a promising mechanism of behavior change (MOBC). However, heterogeneous and small to moderate effect sizes suggest the need for refinement of MOBC measurement and consideration of other types of client language. The current article presents a complementary integration of current MI theory and behavioral economic (BE) mechanisms to further understanding of in-session factors associated with subsequent behavior change. Avibactam free acid research buy In this paper, we define some of the key MOBCs from MI and BE theories, describe our integrated framework, and present preliminary findings from a pilot study of the effectiveness and MOBCs of a novel BE-informed application of MI in risky college student drinkers. Results from preliminary coding development suggest that BE-informed measures of client language better predict response to a brief intervention in risky college students than traditional change talk measures. We posit that BE theory can offer insight into meaningful session content beyond the current MI constructs of change talk and sustain talk, which in turn may serve to enhance development of clinical practice and inform scientific investigations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Under cognitive load theory, time pressure/urgency-induced arousal is a major contributor to pupil dilation during cognition. However, pupillometric encoding studies have failed to consider the possible role of time pressure/urgency effects, instead often assuming that encoding dilations directly reflect encoding strength. To isolate possible encoding strength and time pressure effects, we manipulated levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) and response deadlines (speeded vs. unspeeded) during verbal recognition memory encoding. Rather than reflecting encoding strength, pupil dilation signaled time pressure and decision urgency, as indicated by four findings. First, dilation was greater for speeded than unspeeded trials, yet later recognition was similar. Second, within every combination of levels of processing and response deadline, slower individual decisions yielded increased dilations compared to quicker decisions. Third, even when encoding dilations during deep and shallow tasks were closely matched, later recognition remained markedly higher for the deep trials.
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