Notes

Mucin-1 Proteins are the Prognostic Marker pertaining to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Is caused by the CONKO-001 Review.
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the relationship between system-justifying beliefs (i.e., believing the United States to be fair and just for all racial and ethnic groups) during the 1st semester of college and trajectories of self-worth across 4 years of college among Black and Latinx college students attending an elite predominantly White institution. METHOD Participants in this 5-wave longitudinal study included 186 Black and Latinx college students (30% male; 26% 1st-generation college students; Mage = 18 years, SD = 0.36). RESULTS The results of latent growth curve modeling analyses indicated that system-justifying beliefs were positively related to initial levels of self-worth and negatively related to trajectories of self-worth over time. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the present study suggest that although initially beneficial, system-justifying beliefs may undermine self-evaluations among Black and Latinx college students over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Writers of scientific articles are familiar with the advice to avoid using the passive voice. Prescriptivists argue that the passive leads to bloated, indirect, and even evasive writing, and they recommend that the active form be used instead. This article defends the passive voice against these charges and argues that this advice is misguided. The article begins with a summary of the passive construction and the diversity of its forms, many of which are not appreciated in discussions of the passive voice's purported flaws, and is then followed by a summary of why some prescriptivists criticize its use. Three motivations for the use of the passive voice based on findings from psycholinguistic research are then described First, the passive form allows writers to maintain topic continuity and conform to the given-new principle of communication; 2nd, speakers use the passive voice to accommodate concepts that are accessible; and 3rd, passive sentences are not communicatively equivalent to actives, and therefore active sentence paraphrases will sometimes distort the writer's message. An additional problem with the advice to avoid passive sentences is that people have trouble correctly identifying them and tend to rely on superficial cues that often diagnose other irrelevant grammatical constructions. Just as rules against split infinitives, stranded prepositions, and the singular they have been abandoned, so too should the prohibition against the passive voice. Instead of shunning a perfectly grammatical and useful construction, writers should strive to generate prose that is clear and elegant, using all the linguistic tools at their disposal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).To address inconsistencies in the literature on memory in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we report the first ever meta-analysis of short-term memory (STM) and episodic long-term memory (LTM) in ASD, evaluating the effects of type of material, type of retrieval and the role of interitem relations. Analysis of 64 studies comparing individuals with ASD and typical development (TD) showed greater difficulties in ASD compared with TD individuals in STM (Hedges' g = -0.53, 95% CI [-0.90, -0.16], p = .005, I² = 96%) compared with LTM (g = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.17], p less then .00001, I² = 24%), a small difficulty in verbal LTM (g = -0.21, p = .01), contrasting with a medium difficulty for visual LTM (g = -0.41, p = .0002) in ASD compared with TD individuals. We also found a general diminution in free recall compared with cued recall and recognition (LTM, free recall g = -0.38, p less then .00001, cued recall g = -0.08, p = .58, recognition g = -0.15, p = .16; STM, free recall g = -0.59, p = .004, recognition g = -0.33, p = .07). We discuss these results in terms of their relation to semantic memory. The limited diminution in verbal LTM and preserved overall recognition and cued recall (supported retrieval) may result from a greater overlap of these tasks with semantic long-term representations which are overall preserved in ASD. By contrast, difficulties in STM or free recall may result from less overlap with the semantic system or may involve additional cognitive operations and executive demands. These findings highlight the need to support STM functioning in ASD and acknowledge the potential benefit of using verbal materials at encoding and broader forms of memory support at retrieval to enhance performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur, highlighting the importance of understanding the etiology of these comorbid conditions. Although AUD and PTSD are moderately heritable with modest overlap in genetic risk as estimated from family studies, there has been a paucity of work using molecular genetic data to estimate shared genetic effects on these conditions. This study used large-scale genomewide molecular data to examine shared genetic risk for AUD, specifically alcohol dependence (AD), and PTSD through cross-trait linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression (LDSC; also known as LDSR). Summary statistics came from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) PTSD Workgroup Freeze 2 European ancestry (EA) participants (N = 174,659) and AD summary statistics in EA participants (N = 38,686) came from the PGC Substance Use Disorders (SUD) Workgroup. Colforsin supplier We performed LDSC to estimate genetic correlation between AD and PTSD using HapMap3 variants and LD scores from the 1000 Genomes project. A moderate, significant correlation was observed between AD and PTSD (rg = .35, p = .02), with sex differences identified through stratified analyses. Our results are the first to demonstrate evidence of a shared molecular genetic etiology for AD and PTSD. Further research is needed to better understand possible sex differences in shared heritability and extend these results to additional populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).As a cell-penetrating peptide, polyarginine is widely used in drug delivery systems based on its membrane permeation ability. Previously, we developed the mPEG-PLA-b-polyarginine(R15) triblock copolymer, which exhibited a high siRNA delivery efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. As a continued effort, here the amphiphilic diblock polymer PCL-R15 was synthesized as a simplified model to further elucidate the structure-activity relationship of arginine-based amphiphilic polymers as siRNA delivery systems, and the cellular trafficking mechanisms of the PCL-R15/siRNA nanoplexes were investigated to understand the interaction patterns between the nanoplexes and cells. Compared to the R15/siRNA complexes, the introduction of PCL moiety was found to result in the stronger interactions with cells and the enhanced transfection efficiency after the formation of condensed nanoplexes. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were major routes for the internalization of PCL-R15/siRNA nanoplexes. The intracellular release of siRNA from nanoplexes was confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay.
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