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This article and connection between trunk area treatment on trunk area and second branch overall performance in those with Multiple Sclerosis: a planned out evaluation.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in beef cattle and the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with benzimidazole (BZ)-resistance in Haemonchus spp. in Brazil. For such, fecal samples were collected from 61 beef cattle ranches in 11 Brazilian states. Third-stage larvae (L3) were produced for morphological species identification and DNA extraction. PCR was performed for the analysis of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene and the products were sequenced to confirm the presence of H. placei and H. contortus. For each field population, pyrosequencing assays were performed to quantify the frequency of the F167Y, E198A and F200Y polymorphisms in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene. The results of the morphometric analysis of 2345 larvae showed that H. placei was present on all ranches. The analysis of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene confirmed 100% prevalence for H. Avexitide placei and 23.7% for H. contortus. Pyrosequencing assays demonstrated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BZ-resistance in all three codons (F167Y, E198A and F200Y) of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene in H. placei field populations. Frequencies of resistance-associated alleles above background (≥ 15%) were found for at least one codon in 11.4% of the field isolates and maximum frequencies of 30, 21 and 29% were found for codons 167, 198 and 200, respectively, on individual ranches. This study confirms the presence of H. contortus in beef cattle in the major livestock farming states in Brazil and demonstrates that genotypes associated with BZ resistance are present in field populations of Haemonchus spp..In the current epidemic of African swine fever (ASF) in Europe, the maintenance and spread of the disease among wild boar populations remains the most important epidemiological challenge. Affected and at-risk countries have addressed this situation using a diversity of wild boar management methods with varying levels of success. The methods applied range from conventional animal disease intervention measures (zoning, stakeholder awareness campaigns, increased surveillance and biosecurity measures) to measures aimed at reducing wild boar population movements (fencing and baiting/feeding) or population numbers (intensive hunting). To assess the perceived efficiency and acceptance of such measures in the context of a focal introduction of ASF, the authors organised a participatory workshop inviting experts from the fields of wildlife management, wild boar ecology, sociology, epidemiology and animal disease management to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various control approaches. The discussions between professionals from different countries took place using the World Café method. This paper documents the World Café method as a tool for increasing the level of participation in multi-stakeholder group discussions, and describes the outputs of the workshop pertaining to the control measures. In summary, the World Café method was perceived as an efficient tool for quickly grasping comprehensive perspectives from the professionals involved in managing ASF and wild boar populations, while promoting engagement in multi-disciplinary discussions. The exercise achieved a good overview of the perceived efficiency and applicability of the different control methods and generated useful recommendations for ASF control in wild boar populations in Europe.Infection with gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GINs) is an important cause of productivity loss on sheep farms in Ontario and worldwide. However, efforts to quantify the effect of GIN infection on growth have demonstrated mixed results. Furthermore, there has been limited investigation of their effect on reproductive performance. This study evaluated the effect of subclinical GIN parasitism on growth and reproductive performance of ewe lambs under Ontario grazing conditions. Rideau cross ewe lambs (n = 140) born in spring 2016 on a farm in central Ontario were followed for two years from before weaning through to November 2017, including their first lambing and lactation. These animals grazed from May to November of each year and were sampled every 6-8 weeks during both grazing seasons and once at mid-gestation in March 2017. At each sampling the ewe lambs were weighed, body condition scores assigned, fecal egg counts (FECs) performed, and pasture samples collected to assess number of infective GIN larvan FECs and offspring weaning weights; the association between FECs and weaning weights changed from negative to positive at a FEC of 361 eggs per gram. These results indicate that when GIN burdens are moderate as evidenced by fecal egg counts and infection is subclinical, there appears to be low to no impact on growth and reproductive performance in ewe lambs in the first 18 months of life. This suggests that when GIN parasitism is regularly monitored and controlled using targeted selective treatment, animal performance is minimally affected.Japan has been free from rabies since 1958 and various preventive measures are in place to protect the country from the introduction of the disease. With an increasing number of freight containers arriving in Japan every year, there is a concern that rabies might be reintroduced into Japan through animals arriving in international freight containers. A stochastic simulation model was built assuming the following entry and exposure pathway as being the most likely route of rabies entry a rabies-infected animal is accidentally placed in a freight container in the country of origin; it survives transportation from the moment the container is sealed in the country of origin until it is opened at the destination in Japan; and it escapes from the container when it is opened at the destination in Japan. Input parameter values were based on surveys of container handling and warehouse agencies and scientific data from the literature. The annual probability of rabies introduction through this pathway worldwide was 5.47 × 10-6 (90 % PI 9.72 × 10-7-1.33 × 10-5), or rabies would enter Japan every 368,864 (90 %PI 75,267 - 1,027,568) years. Among sub-regions, the annual probability was highest for South-eastern Asia (4.54 × 10-6 (90 % PI 8.04 × 10-7-1.11 × 10-5)), followed by Eastern Asia and Southern Asia. The rabies introduction risk from other sub-regions was negligible. The result of scenario analysis indicated that even if any of the main parameters changes, the risk of rabies introduction still remains very low, suggesting that unintentional movement of animals through international freight containers is not a very important pathway of rabies introduction into Japan.
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