Notes

Reach-to-Grasp: A Multisensory Encounter.
To evaluate the success rate of primary stapedotomy and to investigate the influence of prosthesis diameter on hearing outcome.

Retrospective medical chart review of 125 cases who underwent primary small fenestra stapedotomy, from January 2001 to December 2018. The study population was divided in two groups based on Teflon prosthesis diameter - .6mm (60%, N=75) and .4mm (40%, N=50). Pre- and postoperative (≥12 months) air-conduction (AC), bone conduction (BC) and air-bone gap (ABG) thresholds were compared.

Postoperative ABG≤10dB and ≤20dB was achieved by 65.7% and 90% of the patients. A functional hearing (PTA-AC≤30dB) was achieved by 59.2% of patients. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL, worsening in BC-PTA>10dB) was identified in 7.2% of patients. Comparison of the .6mm- and .4mm-groups, revealed no differences regarding improvements in AC-PTA (22.4 vs. 20.7dB, p=.56), BC-PTA (3.4 vs. 2.3dB, p=.54) and ABG-PTA (19.1 vs. 18.4dB, p=.77). Hearing outcome evaluation identified similar postoperative succme was not influenced by diameter of the selected prosthesis. Postoperative bone conduction hearing thresholds did not differ between the groups, which revealed no significant inner ear trauma caused by the larger piston. Although we did not find evidence to suggest one piston over the other, our results showed a trend toward better results with the larger prosthesis.
The frontal sinus drainage pathway is formed by either the ethmoid infundibulum or the middle meatus, which depends on the superior insertion of the uncinate process. According to Landsberg & Friedman the are 6 types of superior uncinate process insertion. The aim of this study is to find an association between the uncinate process insertion type and the development of frontal sinus mucoceles.

Fifty sinus CT scans were analysed. Exclusion criteria were previous nasal surgeries, malignancy, polyposis and an insufficient image quality. Superior insertions of the uncinate process were analysed according to the Landsberg & Friedman classification. The results were tabulated and analysed using SPSS 25.0.

The analysis revealed type 1 insertion in 6% of the CT scans, type 2 in 32%, type 3 in 26%, type 4 in 0%, type 5 in 28% and type 6 in 8%. Despite 44% of the CT scans with frontal sinus mucocele showing a type 2 insertion of the uncinate process, both the Chi-Square test and the Cramer's V test showed no statistical significance (p>.05). Logistic regression also showed that uncinate process insertion type does not influence the likelihood of development of frontal sinuses mucoceles.

The insertion of the uncinate process does not influence the development of frontal sinus mucoceles.
The insertion of the uncinate process does not influence the development of frontal sinus mucoceles.Nine unprecedented diterpenoid alkaloid, including a diterpenoid alkaloid featuring a diterpenoid moiety, anthoroidine A; one bisditerpenoid alkaloid joined with a carbon-carbon single bond, anthoroidine B; three racemulosine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, anthoroidines C-E; one hetidine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloid, anthoroidine F; and three hetisine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, anthoroidines G-I, together with ten known diterpenoid alkaloids were isolated from Aconitum anthoroideum DC. Their structures were established via detailed spectroscopic analyses. Most of the isolated compounds along with five known diterpenoid alkaloids obtained in a previous study were screened for neuroprotective activities and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Nominine showed potent protective activity against MPP+-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, with a rescue rate of 34.4% (50 μM). Rotundifosine F showed a significant inhibitory activity against AChE (IC50 = 0.3 μM). The structure-activity relationship of these alkaloids is also briefly discussed.Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and threadleaf snakeweed (G. microcephala) are suffrutescent plants found in many parts of western US rangelands and are possibly toxic to grazing livestock. The toxic components are not known, but it has been suggested that the diterpene acids may be both toxic and abortifacient. One hundred sixty-two samples of snakeweed were collected from 55 locations in Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming and Utah and were taxonomically classified. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS in a chemophenetic analysis and grouped into individual chemotypes based on diterpene acid content. The GC-MS profiles were found to be diverse showing at least eight different chemotypes. From each of the chemotypes the major diterpene acids were isolated and characterized by IR, MS and NMR spectroscopy. Twenty-one diterpenoids were identified and found to be a mix of furano, lactone, di-acid and esters of labdane, ent-labdane and chlerodane acids and alcohols. Only four of the 21 compounds isolated had been previously reported as occurring in G. sarathorea or G. FIIN-2 microcephala, while another eight compounds were previously reported from other Gutierrezia or related species. Nine of the isolated diterpenoids have not been previously reported and their structure elucidation is reported.Five undescribed 12-membered macrolides containing thioethers, thiocladospolides F-J, together with the known biogenetic related analogues, were isolated from a mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Cladosporium oxysporum. The absolute configuration of thiocladospolide F was deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and those of thiocladospolides G-J were determined based on specific optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, as well as the biogenetic considerations. Thiocladospolide G display the best antimicrobial activity against the aquatic pathogen Edwardsiella tarda with minimal inhibit concentration (MIC) value of 4 μg/mL.Six previously undescribed tropane alkaloids, designated as erythrobezerrines A-F, were isolated from the EtOH extract from the stem bark of Erythroxylum bezerrae Plowman. Their structures were elucidated based on the interpretation of the NMR and MS data and in some instances, confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against the cancer cell lines L929, PC-3, HCT-116, SNB-19 and NCI-H460, but only erythrobezerrine C showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 3.38 and 5.43 μM for HCT-116 and NCI-H460, respectively.
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