Notes

Cochlin Lack Safeguards Towards Noise-Induced Hearing problems.
While various modalities of chronic nicotine use have been associated with numerous negative consequences to human health, one possible benefit of nicotine exposure has been uncovered. The discovery of an inverse correlation between smoking and Parkinson's disease, and later Alzheimer's disease as well, motivated investigation of nicotine as a neuroprotective agent. Some studies have demonstrated that nicotine elicits improvements in cognitive function. The hippocampus, along with the subventricular zone (SVZ), is a distinct brain region that allow for ongoing postnatal neurogenesis throughout adulthood and plays a major role in certain cognitive behaviors like learning and memory. Therefore, one hypothesis underlying nicotine-induced neuroprotection is possible effects on neural stem cells and neural precursor cells. On the other hand, nicotine withdrawal frequently leads to cognitive impairments, particularly in hippocampal-dependent behaviors, possibly suggesting an impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis with nicotine exposure. This review discusses the current body of evidence on nicotine's effects on neural stem cells and neural progenitors. Changes in neural stem cell proliferation, survival, intracellular dynamics, and differentiation following acute and chronic nicotine exposure are examined.The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) has successfully invaded Africa, where it has significantly impacted maize and sorghum production. Management of FAW in Africa predominantly relies on synthetic insecticides, which are expensive, and negatively impact the environment and beneficial insects. We, therefore, conducted field surveys in Uganda in 2017 and 2019 to identify egg and larval parasitoids of FAW for possible use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Parasitoids were identified by their mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequences. We identified 13 parasitoid species belonging to three families of Hymenoptera Platygastridae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, as well as one Dipteran family (Tachinidae). Coccygidium spp. and Chelonus bifoveolatus were the most abundant and widely distributed parasitoids. Overall, parasitism averaged 9.2% and ranged from 3.1% to 50% in 2017, and 0.8% to 33% in 2019. Parasitism by Sturmiopsis parasitica, Diolcogaster sp., and Cotesia flavipes on FAW in maize crops are reported for the first time. Our results suggest high biological diversity of FAW parasitoids, which should be exploited in the IPM of the FAW in Uganda.Microfluidic devices have an established role in the study of platelets and coagulation factors in thrombosis, with potential diagnostic applications. However, few microfluidic devices have assessed the contribution of neutrophils to thrombus formation, despite increasing knowledge of neutrophils' importance in cardiovascular thrombosis. We describe a thromboinflammation model which uses straight channels, lined with fixed human umbilical vein endothelial cells, after treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Re-calcified whole blood is perfused over the endothelium at venous and arterial shear rate. Neutrophil adhesion, platelet and fibrin thrombus formation, is measured over time by the addition of fluorescent antibodies to a whole blood sample. Fixed endothelium retains surface expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-Selectin. Neutrophils adhere preferentially to platelet thrombi on the endothelium. Inhibitors of neutrophil adhesion and anti-inflammatory agents, such as isoquercetin, decrease neutrophil adhesion. Our model offers the advantage of the use of (1) fixed endothelium, (2) whole blood, instead of isolated neutrophils, and (3) a small amount of blood (1 mL). The characteristics of this thromboinflammation model provide the potential for further development for drug screening and point-of-care applications.
To evaluate the diagnostic potential of PET/MRI with
F-fluorodeoxyglucose (
F-FDG) in cervical cancer based on the revised 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system.

Seventy-two patients with biopsy-proven primary cervical cancer underwent pretreatment
F-FDG PET/MRI, CT, and pelvic MRI. The diagnostic performance of
F-FDG PET/MRI and MRI for assessing extent of the primary tumor and
F-FDG PET/MRI and CT for assessing nodal and distant metastases was evaluated by two experienced readers. Histopathological and follow-up imaging results were used as the gold standard. McNemar test was employed for statistical analysis.

Accuracy for the invasion of vagina, parametrium, side wall, and adjacent organs was 97.2%, 93.1%, 97.2%, and 100% for
F-FDG PET/MRI; and 97.2%, 91.7%, 97.2%, and 100% for pelvic MRI, respectively (
> 0.05). Patient-based accuracy for metastasis to pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes and distant organs was 95.8%, 98.6%, and 100% for
F-FDG PET/MRI; and 83.3%, 95.8%, and 97.2% for CT, respectively; metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes was statistically significant (
< 0.01). Phenol Red sodium Lesion-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for lymph nodes were 83.3%, 95.9%, and 94.8% for
F-FDG PET/MRI; and 29.2%, 98.9% and 93.1% for CT, respectively; sensitivity was statistically significant (
< 0.001). After excluding patients diagnosed by conization, accuracy for revised FIGO staging 2018 was significantly better for
F-FDG PET/MRI (82.1%) than for CT and MRI (60.7%) (
< 0.01).

F-FDG PET/MRI offers higher diagnostic value for revised 2018 FIGO staging, suggesting that
F-FDG PET/MRI might provide an optimal diagnostic strategy for preoperative staging.
18F-FDG PET/MRI offers higher diagnostic value for revised 2018 FIGO staging, suggesting that 18F-FDG PET/MRI might provide an optimal diagnostic strategy for preoperative staging.Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) outbreaks in hospital settings challenge the treatment of patients and infection control. Understanding the relatedness of clinical isolates is important in distinguishing outbreak isolates from sporadic cases. This study investigated 11 CRAB isolates from a hospital outbreak by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), utilizing various bioinformatics tools for outbreak analysis. The results of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, and phylogenetic tree analysis by WGS through web-based tools were compared, and repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) typing was performed. Through the WGS of 11 A. baumannii isolates, three clonal lineages were identified from the outbreak. The coexistence of blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, blaADC-25, and armA with additional aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, predicted to confer multidrug resistance, was identified in all isolates. The MLST Oxford scheme identified three types (ST191, ST369, and ST451), and, through whole-genome MLST and whole-genome SNP analyses, different clones were found to exist within the MLST types.
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